TRAINED 
CITIZEN 


AJOR  JOHN  H.  PARK: 

UNITED  STATES  A:, 


TRAINED 
CITIZEN  SOLDIERY 


A  SOLUTION  OF 
GENERAL  UPTON'S  PROBLEM 


BY 


MAJOR  JOHN  H.  PARKER,  U.  S.  A. 

Pioneer  of  the  Machine  Gun  Service 
Gold  Medalist  Military  Service  Institution 


GEORGE  BANTA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
MENASHA,  WISCONSIN 


Copyright  1916 

by 
Major  John  H.  Parker 


PRINTED  AND    BOUND    BY 

GEORGE  BANTA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 

MENASHA,  WISCONSIN 


UPTON'S  PROBLEM 

"The  Causes  of  the  weakness  are  as  follows: 

First.  The  employment  of  militia  and  undisciplined  troops 
commanded  by  generals  and  officers  utterly  ignorant  of  the 
military  art. 

Second.  Short  enlistments  from  three  months  to  three  years, 
instead  of  for  or  during  the  war. 

Third.  Reliance  upon  voluntary  enlistments,  instead  of 
voluntary  enlistments  coupled  with  conscription. 

Fourth.  The  intrusion  of  the  States  in  military  affairs  and 
the  consequent  waging  of  all  our  wars  on  the  theory  that  we 
are  a  confederacy  instead  of  a  nation. 

Fifth.  Confusing  volunteers  with  militia  and  surrendering 
to  the  States  the  right  to  commission  officers  of  volunteers  the 
same  as  officers  of  militia. 

Sixth.  The  bounty — a  national  consequence  of  voluntary 
enlistments. 

Seventh.  The  failure  to  appreciate  military  education,  and 
to  distribute  trained  officers  as  battalion,  regimental,  and 
higher  commanders  in  our  volunteer  armies. 

Eighth.  The  want  of  territorial  recruitment  and  regi- 
mental depots. 

Ninth.  The  want  of  postgraduate  schools  to  educate  our 
officers  in  strategy  and  the  higher  principles  of  the  art  of  war. 

Tenth.  The  assumption  of  command  by  the  Secretary  of 
War. 

The  main  features  of  the  proposed  system  are  as  follows: 

First.  In  time  of  peace  and  war  the  military  forces  of  the 
country  to  consist  of — 

The  Regular  Army, 

The  National  Volunteers,  and 

The  Militia. 


349328 


The  Regular  Army  in  time  of  peace  to  be  organized  on  the 
expansive  principle  and  in  proportion  to  the  population,  not 
to  exceed  one  thousand  in  one  million. 

The  National  Volunteers  to  be  officered  and  supported  by 
the  Government,  to  be  organized  on  the  expansive  principle 
and  to  consist  in  time  of  peace  of  one  battalion  of  two  hundred 
men  to  each  Congressional  District. 

The  Militia  to  be  supported  exclusively  by  the  States  and 
as  a  last  resort  to  be  used  only  as  intended  by  the  Constitution, 
namely,  to  execute  the  laws,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel 
invasions." 

—From  "THE  MILITARY  POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES,"  by  Major  General  Emory  Upton.  Introduc- 
tion, pages  xiii  and  xiv. 

General  Upton's  book  was  written  in  1880.  Since  that 
time  some  advancement  has  been  made  in  the  art  of  war. 
The  relations  of  the  United  States  to  other  countries  have 
also  undergone  some  vital  changes  since  1880.  The  solu- 
tion herein  proposed  takes  these  changes  into  account, 
and  eliminates  to  a  degree  the  political  problems  that 
would  follow  from  adoption  of  Congressional  Districts 
as  a  basis  of  organization.  This  solution  is  published 
because  of  conviction  that  its  publication  is  a  civic  duty 
incumbent  upon  the  author  as  a  return  to  his  Country 
for  education  at  West  Point,  and  further  education  at 
Fort  Leavenworth. 

JOHN  H.  PARKER. 


TRAINED  CITIZEN  SOLDIERY:  A  MILI- 
TARY SYSTEM  FOR  THE  UNITED 
STATES 

CHAPTER  I. 

FAILURE  OF  OUR  PRESENT  SYSTEM. 

p  ^  In  round  numbers  the  cost  of  our  army, 
on  our  present  scale  of  pay,  is  about 
$1,000  per  man,  per  year.  This  is  in  time  of  peace, 
with  every  expenditure  reduced  to  the  minimum. 
The  appropriations  run  about  a  million  dollars  for 
every  thousand  soldiers,  whether  privates  in  the 
ranks,  or  brigadier  generals  on  the  retired  list.  The 
lowest  estimates  for  a  "first  line"  army  to  meet  the 
first  shock  of  war  with  a  civilized  enemy,  is  half  a 
million  men.  This  force  would  at  once  call  for  a 
half  a  billion  dollars  per  year,  merely  on  a  peace 
basis.  It  would  call  at  once  for  one-half  of  the 
total  revenues  of  the  government. 
yy  f.  But  the  peace  cost  of  this  force  is  no 
basis  on  which  to  estimate  its  cost  in  time 
of  war.  Then  the  whole  power  of  an  equal  or  su- 
perior enemy  would  be  actively  engaged  in  trying 
to  destroy  this  military  machine.  Horses,  clothing, 
guns,  cannon,  aeroplanes,  artillery  projectiles,  the 
most  expensive  material,  all  of  which  is  most  care- 
fully husbanded  in  time  of  peace,  would  be  ex- 
pended like  water  in  time  of  war.  Cavalry  horses 


2  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

may  cost  about  $150  each.  In  time  of  peace  a  horse 
is  normally  good  for  about  ten  years  of  service.  In 
time  of  war  the  destruction  of  horses  is  simply 
frightful.  In  war  time  they  are  much  more  expen- 
sive than  in  time  of  peace.  The  projectile  and 
charge  of  a  three-inch  gun  may  cost  twenty  dollars. 
In  time  of  peace  their  expenditure  is  limited  to 
target  practice,  but  in  a  battle  the  only  limit  is  the 
number  necessary  to  win,  if  enough  can  be  procured 
for  that  purpose.  The  same  principle  applies  in  all 
directions.  If  it  costs  three  dollars  per  man  per 
day  to  maintain  the  army  in  time  of  peace  it  would 
be  conservative  to  estimate  three  or  four  times  that 
cost  in  time  of  war.  Ten  dollars  per  man  per  day 
would  be  a  conservative  estimate  for  the  war  cost  of 
the  same  force. 

An  Impossible  No  country  in  the  world  ever  tried 
Condition  to  finance  a  war  on  a  basis  of  $3  per 
man  per  day,  nor  anything  like  it.  No  country 
could  possibly  finance  a  war  on  such  a  basis,  not  to 
speak  of  ten  dollars  per  man  per  day.  In  our  coun- 
try the  military  system  is  financed  on  the  theory  of 
hiring  military  service  in  open  competition  with 
other  bidders  for  labor.  It  is  about  the  same  rotten 
condition  that  put  the  throne  of  the  Caesars  on  the 
auction  block  of  the  Praetorian  Guards.  Any  Na- 
tional Defense  founded  upon  that  idea,  bought  ser- 
vice, is  bound  to  fail.  If  a  country  is  not  worth 
fighting  for,  and  if  its  citizens  are  not  willing  to 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  3 

fight  for  it,  without  a  thought  of  profit,  it  ought  to 
become  a  minor  and  subject  country,  and  will  do 
so.  No  country  ever  yet  maintained  itself  for  any 
great  length  of  time  by  hired,  or  mercenary  mili- 
tary service. 

The  Correct  The  truth  is,  that  every  man  owes  to 
Theory  his  country  her  defense,  exactly  as  he 

owes  to  his  mother  the  duty  of  protection  and  de- 
fense. He  is  under  both  moral  and  legal  obliga- 
tion to  do  his  fair  share  of  that  military  service, 
which  is  her  ultimate  defense  whenever  his  country 
needs  his  services  for  that  purpose.  If  she  com- 
pensates him  at  all  for  his  military  service,  his  prop- 
er share  of  it,  as  long  as  other  men  do  their  equal 
share,  such  compensation  is  an  act  of  grace. 

But  where  part  of  the  citizens  of  a  coun- 

, .       ^   try  shirk  their  military  duty,  leaving  it 

°   all  to  be  done  by  a  few,  then  those  who 

do  it  are  equitably  entitled  to  reimbursement  of  their 

losses  incident  thereto,  and  to  pay  for  their  time, 

for  so  much  military  duty  as  they  perform  in  excess 

of  what  would  be  their  proper  share  if  all  citizens 

did  their  just  share  of  military  duty. 

When  a  nation  comes  to  the  death 
1  he  Ultimate  ^      „  ,,     T  .,  ,,     AT 

grapple  of  the  Liege  or  the  Marne, 
Duty  of  j 

~*  '  .  tine  spun  theories  and  wire  drawn 
Citizenship  , .  „  , .  ^  . , 

exemptions    of    peace   time    fail. 

Mother  Patria  then  expects  and  must  compel  every 
man  to  do  his  military  duty,  his  due  and  proper 


4  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

share  of  the  National  Defense.  She  has  an  equal 
right  to  expect  and  to  require  him  to  make  adequate 
personal  preparation  in  time  of  peace  to  perform 
that  duty  efficiently  when  the  occasion  arrives. 
Without  suitable  personal  preparation  the  citizen 
cannot  be,  nor  become  an  efficient  soldier,  no  matter 
how  willing  he  may  be,  nor  how  brave  he  may  be. 
Men  ignorant  of  their  duties,  and  of  how  to  care 
for  themselves  in  campaign,  are  a  source  of  weak- 
ness, not  of  strength  in  times  of  emergency  in  war. 
An  army,  in  peace  or  in  war,  fi- 
"  7  .  nanced  on  the  theory  that  the  citi- 

PP  "  Zen  owes  a  military  duty  to  the 

Correct  Theory  .  j.  ^  ~ 

B  country,  is  a  very  different  finan- 
cial proposition  from  one  on  a  basis  of  industrial 
competition.  Our  country  can  finance  the  biggest 
army,  and  the  biggest  navy  in  the  world,  on  the 
theory  that  National  Defense  is  a  patriotic  obliga- 
tion, that  every  citizen  owes  as  a  matter  of  duty 
his  personal  military  service  to  the  country,  and 
with  that  duty,  as  a  part  of  it,  the  equal  duty  of 
personal  preparation  in  time  of  peace,  to  perform 
his  military  duty  in  time  of  war  efficiently.  It  can- 
not finance  even  a  "first  line"  for  a  modern  war  on 
the  basis  of  industrial  competition,  without  imme- 
diately facing  a  bond  issue,  heavy  taxation,  and  ul- 
timate bankruptcy.  It  has  been  twice  brought  to 
bankruptcy  by  that  system,  fortunately  at  times 


Trained  Citizen   Soldiery  5 

when  financial  disaster  did  not  entail  military  disas- 
ter; but  in  modern  war  bankruptcy  means  imme- 
diate military  disaster,  because  the  material  for  war 
is  now  so  much  more  expensive  than  formerly,  and 
successful  war  cannot  be  carried  on  without  this 
expensive  material.  We  can  finance  anything  that 
can  be  humanly  done,  if  we  go  about  it  right;  but 
it  is  not  within  human  power  to  do  the  impossible. 
It  is  not  humanly  possible  to  conduct  modern  war 
on  a  mercenary  basis.  We  must  return  to  the  true 
basis  that  every  citizen  owes  personal  military  serv- 
ice to  his  country,  just  as  he  owres  the  duty  of  de- 
fense and  protection  to  the  mother  who  bore  him. 
Return  to  that  theory,  carries  with  it  at  once  a  solu- 
tion of  all  our  problems  of  Xational  Defense, 
whether  financial  or  material  or  military. 
Precedents  for  Universal  military  service  was 

Obligatory  Military  the   original  doctrine   m   our 
e  .   "•  country.     The  militia  laws  of 

1795-6,  provided  that  every 
able-bodied  male  citizen  between  18  and  45  years  of 
age  should  be  enrolled  in  the  militia,  and  should  re- 
ceive annually  a  suitable  period  of  military  train- 
ing. These  laws  went  further :  it  was  provided  that 
every  citizen  should  furnish  his  own  arms  and  equip- 
ment. These  were  prescribed  by  the  law.  The 
period  of  training  was  not  long,  but  the  principle 
of  obligatory  service  was  thus  asserted,  by  the  very 
founders  of  our  government,  the  very  men  who 


6  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

framed  our  present  Constitution,  and  the  period  of 
training  was  ample  for  the  necessities  of  that  time. 
All  men  were  experienced  in  the  principal  duties  of 
a  soldier  in  those  days ;  shooting,  walking,  riding  on 
horses,  the  care  of  animals,  and  life  in  the  open, 
were  the  daily  routine  of  the  citizen  of  that  time. 
The  laws  of  that  time  prescribed  an  adequate  course 
of  military  training  for  the  needs  of  that  time,  con- 
sidering the  nature  of  the  material  and  personnel 
then  available.  No  doubt,  if  additional  training  had 
been  necessary  it  would  have  been  required.  The 
routine  life  of  the  American  has  changed  since  then. 
Hunters,  pioneers,  woodsmen,  men  used  to  x^are  for 
themselves  in  the  life  of  the  open,  are  no  longer 
available  in  adequate  numbers  for  the  National 
Defense.  These  things,  learned  at  that  time  by 
daily  experience,  must  now  be  taught.  Similarly, 
equipment  has  changed.  It  is  no  longer  practica- 
ble to  require  each  citizen  to  furnish  his  own  arms, 
because  military  weapons  are  not  common,  are  not 
accessible  to  the  average  citizen.  They  are  more 
expensive.  They  have  been  standardized,  and  the 
use  of  the  standardized  type  is  necessary  in  modern 
war. 

But  the  principle  is  the  same.  The  government 
then  required  every  man  to  be  enrolled,  and  to  be 
adequately  trained  for  the  military  service.  We 
must  return  to  this  theory,  whether  or  not  we 
actually  utilize  all  citizens.  Once  we  return  to  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  7 

theory  and  practice  of  the  Founders  of  the  Republic 
we  can  finance  the  National  Defense,  and  due 
preparation  therefor,  without  even  inconvenience 
to  our  industries;  even  with  positive  benefit  to 
them. 

We  must  return  to  that  theory  un- 
Remlts  of  the  i  ,  AT  ,.  ,  ,  .,. 

less  we  court  National  humilia- 
Present  System  ,.  T,r  ,  -,  ,  .v  .  , 

tion.     We  are  already  humiliated 

as  a  nation.  American  commerce  is  unsafe  upon 
the  high  seas.  American  industries  are  being  as- 
sailed insidiously  even  at  home.  American  lives  are 
not  protected  on  sea  or  land  by  our  flag.  American 
Citizens  traveling  on  legitimate  business  or  pleas- 
ure, or  engaged  in  legitimate  business  in  other  coun- 
tries that  was  initiated,  as  in  Mexico,  with  full  con- 
sent of  the  country  of  its  location,  have  been  plund- 
ered, outraged  by  wanton  lust,  and  murdered  by 
cruel  violence.  Our  present  system  not  only  does 
not  protect  them,  but  renders  it  impossible  for  the 
government  to  protect  them.  Even  our  soldiers, 
engaged  in  peacable  protection  of  our  own  citizens 
within  our  own  territory,  have  been  shot  down  by 
lawless  bandits,  under  the  eyes  of  their  own  officers, 
who  were  restrained  by  orders  from  protecting  them, 
because  our  country  is  not  prepared  even  to  chastise 
a  lawless  bandit,  with  a  corporal's  guard  of  follow- 
ing. 

A  nation  that  cannot,  or  dare  not,  command  the 
respect  of  its  neighbors  for  its  innocent  citizens, 


8  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

residing  or  traveling  abroad  on  legitimate  busi- 
ness or  pleasure,  that  cannot,  or  dare  not,  resent 
the  assassination  of  its  own  soldiers,  who  are  operat- 
ing under  lawful  orders,  will  soon  cease  to  command 
the  loyalty  or  respect  of  its  citizens  at  home  as  well 
as  of  its  enemies. 

It  is  thereby  doubly  and  justly  humiliated,  both 
at  home  and  abroad. 


CHAPTER  II. 

A  NEW  SYSTEM. 

Our  present  system  has  bankrupt- 
Specific  Faults  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ^ 

ed  the  country  twice,  and  would  do 
or  our  .  .  .  T  p  j 

so  again  in  a  single  year  of  mod- 
Present  System  em  ^  Itg  fau]ts 


1.  Irresponsible    expenditures    by   48   different 
states  in  time  of  war,  to  be  eventually  paid  by  the 
Federal  Government. 

This  one  fault  is  suicidal.  It  is  the  worst  fault, 
and  an  ineradicable  fault,  of  the  militia  system. 
That  system  must  therefore  be  abandoned,  except 
for  its  constitutional  purposes.  All  attempts  to 
"federalize"  the  militia  must  fail,  because  of  this 
fault,  which  is  inherent  in  the  militia  system. 

2.  Dual  control  of  military  forces.   War  cannot 
be  made  with  divided  control.     The  militia  and 
"State  Volunteer"  system  carries  dual  control,  part- 
ly by  state  authority  and  partly  by  federal  author- 
ity, by  virtue  of  the  limited  constitutional  author- 
ity under  which  such  forces  are  organized.     They 
are  raised  and  officered  by  the  states,  and  operated 
partly  under  state  and  partly  under  federal  author- 
ity.   They  can  be  used  only  for  three  specific  pur- 
poses mentioned  in  the  Constitution.    Such  a  force 
can  hardly  be  classed  as  a  military  force  at  all  in 
the  proper  sense  of  that  expression.     Such  a  force 


10  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

may  have  uses;  but  such  uses  will  not  be  found  on 
battlefields  like  those  on  which  the  fate  of  France, 
Belgium  and  England  are  now  being  decided. 

3.  An  impossibly  high  rate  of  pay  and  allowance 
for  any  war  force.  This  has  grown  up  under  a 
system  of  volunteer  service,  in  which  men  have  to 
be  secured  in  competition  with  the  industrial  activi- 
ties of  the  nation. 

The  officer  or  man  who  permanently  gives  up 
civil  occupations  is  fairly  entitled  to  such  compen- 
sation as  will  enable  him  to  live  decently.  In  all 
my  acquaintance  in  the  army,  extending  over  a 
period  of  nearly  30  years,  I  know  of  only  one  officer 
who  has  saved  any  considerable  sum  of  money. 

The  pay  of  these  officers  and  men  is  not 
PI        too  high  for  the  service  they  render,  in 

°  '  consideration  of  what  they  have  given  up 
to  render  that  service.  If  anything  it  is  too  little  to 
enable  them  to  live  as  they  are  required  to  live  and 
to  also  make  any  sort  of  provision  for  the  future. 
The  mistake  is  in  fixing  the  pay  and  allowances  of 
a  war  force,  a  temporary  force,  on  the  same  basis. 
It  is  a  mistake  to  say  that  the  man  who  renders  a 
temporary  service  is  rendering  the  same  service  as 
the  one  permanently  on  the  job,  even  though  the 
temporary  man  may  seem  at  any  moment  to  be  per- 
forming the  same  duty  as  the  permanent  man. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  11 

Both  "6"*  and  in  war  ever    man 


The  Military  . 

«,  .  ,  owes  military  service  to  his  country. 

He  owes  his  proper  share  of  that 
duty,  which  would  he  the  amount  of  military  duty 
one  man  would  do  if  all  were  doing  their  proper 
share.  Those  in  the  United  States  who  do  not  wish 
to  perform  this  duty  have  been  permitted  for  many 
years  to  shirk  its  performance,  and  the  government 
has  hired  a  few  to  do  what  all  should  have  done.  The 
military  shirk  paid  what  taxes  he  could  not  evade, 
and  that  has  been  his  share.  The  few  have  paid 
their  equal  share  of  the  taxes,  and  have  performed 
their  own  military  duty,  and  have  also  performed 
the  share  that  was  due  from  all  those  who  have 
avoided  military  duty,  who  have  not  cared  to  volun- 
teer for  the  military  training  which,  alone,  can  fit 
any  man  to  do  his  military  duty  efficiently. 

In  time  of  war,  it  is  the  nation's  right,  its  only 
means  of  self  preservation,  to  compel  the  peace- 
time shirk  to  perform  his  military  duty  in  person. 
The  shirk  does  not  thereby  earn  one  cent  of  pay, 
nor  a  stiver  of  allowances;  he  is  merely  paying  in 
this  way  a  solemn,  patriotic  obligation  which  he 
owes  to  his  country.  Whatever  pay  or  allowances 
he  receives,  come  from  the  bounty  and  generosity 
of  his  country,  not  as  a  matter  of  right  or  wages. 

Furthermore,  since  the  progress  of  the  art  of  war 
necessitates  much  preparatory  training  that  cannot 
be  given  after  war  is  imminent,  in  order  that  this 


12  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

military  duty  may  be  efficiently  performed  the  coun- 
try has  an  equal  right  to  require  that  every  citizen 
take  this  necessary  preparatory  training  in  time  of 
peace,  and  the  nation  incurs  no  obligation  by  such 
training  to  pay  that  citizen  a  cent.  The  nation  merely 
collects  what  is  due  to  it.  The  personal  perform- 
ance of  a  military  obligation,  equally  incumbent 
upon  all  is  required  as  an  indispensable  means  of 
National  Self  Defense.  Thus  far,  no  obligation  to 
pay  anybody  a  cent  has  been  incurred  by  the  nation. 

But  for  its  permanent  corps  of  military  instruct- 
ors, who  not  only  perform  all  their  personal  mili- 
tary duty,  but  also  give  up  all  other  vocations  and 
dedicate  themselves  solely  to  this,  adequate  pay  is 
due.  They  earn  it. 

When  the  problem  of  financing  the  National 
Defense,  is  approached  from  this  basis,  it  is  capable 
of  solution,  and  from  no  other.  Germany,  France, 
Argentina  and  Switzerland,  have  solved  it  on  this 
basis.  Three  of  these  countries  are  republics ;  so  it 
is  idle  to  say  that  there  is  any  difficulty  inherent  in  a 
republican  form  of  government. 

.       In  the  United  States,  the  power  to  pro- 
vide for  the  National  Defense  is  vested 

Monty     in  the  Congress?  by  the  words  «Con_ 

gress  shall  have  power  to  levy  and  maintain  armies." 
This  power  is  limited  by  the  provision  that  no  ap- 
propriation for  this  purpose  shall  run  longer  than 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  13 

two  years,  the  legislative  life  of  the  representatives 
who  initiate  the  expense. 

The  power  is  ample.  It  is  practically  unlimited, 
or  limited  only  by  the  necessities  of  the  case  and  the 
will  of  the  people.  In  the  beginning  of  our  present 
form  of  government,  is  was  exerted  by  the  Congress 
under  the  militia  clause  of  the  Constitution,  but  in 
every  crisis,  where  the  peril  to  the  nation  has  justi- 
fied it  Congress  has  exercised  the  power  to  go  direct 
to  the  people,  without  the  intervention  of  the  several 
states,  under  the  more  general  authority  above 
quoted.  Thus  in  1863,  after  the  "State  Volunteers" 
and  militia  systems  broke  down,  draft  laws  were 
enacted;  and  in  1899,  "Federal  Volunteers"  were 
authorized  to  meet  the  emergency  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands. 

The  power  of  Congress  to  enact  effective  laws 
on  this  subject  is  unquestioned.  A  crisis  has  arrived 
in  our  national  life,  when  it  is  absolutely  necessary 
that  this  power  be  exercised  effectively,  and  at  once. 
Failure  to  do  so,  will  insure  worse  national  humilia- 
tion than  our  country  has  yet  suffered,  just  as  soon 
as  the  victor  of  the  present  clash  in  Europe  shall 
emerge  ready  and  eager  to  reimburse  its  losses  at 
the  expense  of  our  rich  and  defenseless  country. 
Who  can  doubt  that  the  powers  which  have  plunged 
half  the  world  into  war's  red  ruin,  will  be  as  ready 
to  pillage  our  rich  cities  as  they  have  been  to  dis- 
regard all  the  solemn  treaties  which  were  negotiated 


14  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

to  prevent  just  what  is  now  happening  in  Europe? 
Our  only  safety  as  a  nation  lies  in  timely  prepara- 
tion, not  for  aggression,  but  for  self  defense,  and 
the  time  to  make  that  preparation  is  all  too  short  if 
the  very  next  Congress  were  to  enact  the  necessary 
laws  in  the  first  week  of  its  session. 

This  is  no  time  for  "pork  barrel"  appropriations, 
nor  for  "political  trading"  for  partisan  advantage. 
The  public  man  who  advocates  the  unnecessary  ex- 
penditure of  a  dollar  of  public  funds,  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  single  incompetent  officer  as  a  trade  for 
his  support  of  the  bill,  the  delay  of  a  single  day,  is 
a  traitor  worse  than  Benedict  Arnold.  History 
will  pillory  every  such  politician  for  public  execra- 
tion; but  it  will  glorify  every  statesman  who  helps 
at  this  crisis,  while  there  is  yet  time  enough  to  save 
the  nation,  to  initiate  the  only  system  that  can  pos- 
sibly be  effective. 

TTr-77  •"•  have  studied  with  much  care  the 
Hans 'that  Will  plang  of  ^  General  Staff>  ag  pub_ 

lished  in  1912,  and  have  found 
much  therein  of  great  assistance  in  developing  a 
satisfactory  plan.  Much  of  the  reasoning  in  that 
pamphlet  is  sound ;  many  of  the  deductions  are  cor- 
rect ;  but  the  plan  does  not  work  out  on  an  adequate 
scale,  nor  go  sufficiently  into  detail,  to  be  workable 
as  it  stands. 

I  have  studied  the  newspaper  accounts  of  the 
Continental  Army,  to  be  proposed  to  the  next  Con- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  15 

gress,  and  have  seen  its  two  vital  defects,  either  of 
which  will  prevent  it  from  accomplishing  the  de- 
sired result  as  far  as  National  Defense  is  concerned. 
These  two  defects  are  : 

1.  It  depends  entirely  upon  voluntary  enroll- 
ment for  the  Continental  Army,  and  does  not  offer 
any  adequate  inducement  for  such  enrollment.    A 
plan  that  does  not  insure  the  necessary  enrollment 
is  bound  to  fail. 

2.  It  proposes  to  run  the  war  establishment  upon 
the  same  basis  of  pay  and  allowances  that  has  been 
established  for  the  small  regular  army  in  time  of 
peace,  as  a  measure  of  necessity  in  order  to  secure 
voluntary  enlistments  in  competition  with  the  in- 
dustries of  the  country.    Such  a  scale  of  expenses 
would  bankrupt  the  country  in  six  months,  and  the 
national  defense  would  fail,  just  as  surely  through 
bankruptcy  as  it  would  through  defeat  in  the  field. 

Other  serious  defects  need  not  be  mentioned,  and 
there  are  many  of  them.  As  a  political  measure  for 
the  purpose  of  capturing  votes  in  the  next  election, 
it  has  many  elements  of  strength;  but  with  two 
capital  defects,  either  of  which  would  cause  the  plan 
to  break  down  utterly  in  case  of  war,  there  is  no 
need  for  further  comment. 

The  very  fundamental  con- 

JL  he  Fundamental         -,.,.         «  ,       ,,          .„ 

^  ,.^.  ri.  .  ,  dition  of  any  plan  that  will 
Condition:  Financial 

^.    7  .,.,  promise  success  is  to  so  ar- 

Practicably  of  ft 


as  to  make  the  burden  of  National  Defense  in  war 


16  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

with  a  civilized  power  supportable.  It  would  not  be 
supportable  under  the  present  system,  nor  under 
the  proposed  "Continental  Army."  Successful  de- 
fense must  safeguard  the  nation  from  financial  ex- 
haustion; for  that  would  bring  defeat  just  as  surely 
as  failure  in  battle.  No  system  based  on  competi- 
tion with  industrial  activities  to  secure  men  can  be 
successful.  Any  such  system  must  attract  men  by 
pay,  and  bounties,  and  allowances.  Such  expense 
will  be  absolutely  ruinous  in  modern  war;  it  was 
ruinous  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  it  brought 
national  bankruptcy  in  the  Civil  War.  It  remains 
to  indicate  a  system  in  accord  with  American  Insti- 
tutions, that  will  not  do  this;  one  that  can  be  sup- 
ported by  the  minister,  the  peace  advocate,  the 
mother,  the  teacher,  as  well  as  by  the  military  man ; 
one  that  cannot  be  possibly  used  for  an  aggressive 
war,  but  that  will  insure  the  very  strongest  possible 
development  of  our  resources  in  the  very  shortest 
time,  at  the  very  least  expense,  if  we  should  ever  be 
compelled  to  fight  a  defensive  war  against  wanton 
aggression  by  a  predatory  power. 

CLASSIFICATION  :  Men  called  to  the  military  serv- 
ice will  necessarily  be  of  two  classes : 

1.  Permanent  personnel,  the  few  required  for 
permanent  organization;  a  professional  nucleus. 

2.  Transient   personnel,   the   many   required   in 
emergencies,  when  the  very  life  of  the  nation  is  at 
stake. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  17 

The  permanent  personnel,  will  give  up  all  civil 
opportunities  and  their  life  career  will  be  military. 
They  will  perform  more  than  their  normal  share 
of  military  duty,  and  sacrifice  more  than  their  nor- 
mal share  of  comfort,  prosperity  and  liberty  of 
action,  during  the  whole  of  their  active  life.  Their 
compensation  will  have  to  be  fixed  high  enough 
in  money  and  in  other  military  inducements  to 
attract  to  this  profession  competent  men.  The 
military  profession  now  embraces  the  technic 
of  all  other  professions  in  order  to  attain  reasonable 
proficiency.  More  than  in  any  other  art,  the  Master 
of  the  Military  Art,  must  be  master  of  all  arts ;  for 
in  his  profession  he  will  have  occasion  to  use  all  of 
them.  For  the  few  commissioned  officers  of  this 
small  permanent  personnel,  we  need  men  of  first- 
rate  ability,  men  of  broad  mind,  of  large  and  prac- 
tical ideas,  who  know  how  to  do  anything. 

On  the  other  hand,  we  do  occasionally  get  men 
of  first-rate  ability,  the  peers  of  Edison,  Ford,  Deer- 
ing,  John  Hays  Hammond;  but  we  get  very  few 
of  them  because  the  inducements  offered,  will  not 
hold  such  men.  It  is  not  the  pay,  but  the  lack  of 
opportunity  to  rise  in  the  profession,  according  to 
their  work  and  their  merits,  that  prevents  such  men 
from  accepting  a  military  career.  Where  rank  is 
not  reached  by  longevity  in  the  army,  it  is  reached 
by  sheer  favor  in  most  cases.  The  mere  fact 


18  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

that  we  are  still  groping  in  the  dark  for  a  suitable 
military  system  for  our  country  attests  the  point. 

The  necessary  inducements  must  be  something 
more  than  mere  pay ;  they  must  include  some  sort  of 
a  system,  by  which  men  of  first-rate  ability  will  have 
assurance  of  an  opportunity  to  get  forward  in  the 
military  profession  to  positions  commensurate  with 
their  ability  and  work.  The  issue  involved  is  bigger 
than  the  interests  of  any  man,  or  class  of  men ;  it  is 
one  that  is  vital  to  the  nation,  because  men  of  first- 
rate  ability  are  needed  in  the  military  service,  both 
in  peace  and  in  war,  and  needed  as  directors;  more 
needed,  perhaps,  in  peace  than  in  time  of  war.  Op- 
portunity to  work  and  to  get  forward  is  what  such 
men  demand.  They  will  not  stay  in  a  profession 
that  denies  them  this  opportunity.  Therefore, 
"seniority  promotion"  will  have  to  be  modified 
enough,  in  some  way,  to  permit  such  men  to  get 
forward  into  the  directive  positions. 

The  army  pay  is  ample,  as  it  now  is,  without  any 
increase,  and  is  not  excessive  for  the  small  perma- 
nent personnel.  The  necessary  modification  of  the 
system  of  promotion  will  be  proposed  later  in  this 
study. 

The  transient  personnel  assumes  the 

Transient     ,  „         ,,.      „         , 

._  7    character  01  a  soldier  lor  only  tempor- 

Per sonnet  .  ,     .  *    . .          « 

ary  service;  long  enough,  in  time  ot 

peace  to  learn  the  essential  elements  of  the  military 
art  necessary  for  them  to  know,  and  in  time  of  war, 
long  enough  to  restore  peace.  They  do  not  give  up 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  19 

the  opportunity  of  civil  life;  on  the  contrary,  their 
military  service  is  frequently  of  aid  to  them  in  civil 
life  through  the  associations  formed  by  them  in 
their  military  service.  They  render  to  their  coun- 
try only  their  minimum  military  obligation.  They 
are  not  by  that  service  entitled  to  receive  a  cent  of 
pay.  They  are  only  discharging  an  obligation  due 
from  them  to  the  nation,  in  return  for  all  the  in- 
calculable benefits  conferred  upon  them,  by  the  free 
and  civilized  institutions  to  which  they  were  born. 
They  do  this  in  order  to  preserve  those  institutions, 
and  those  benefits  for  themselves  and  their  pos- 
terity. So  long  as  the  burden  of  personal  military 
service  is  shared  equally  by  all  citizens,  no  compen- 
sation is  due  to  any  of  them  for  it.  National  safety 
cannot  be  assured  on  any  other  basis ;  and,  moreover, 
this  basis  is  right  and  just  to  all. 

In  our  country,  however,  the  number  of 
^  citizens  available  for  military  service  is 
so  much  greater  than  the  number  re- 
quired for  it,  and  our  traditions  in  favor  of  volun- 
tary service  are  so  strong,  that  since  some  sort  of 
system  for  the  selection  of  the  men  for  military 
service  is  necessary,  a  system  is  preferable  by  which 
an  adequate  number  of  voluntary  applicants  can 
be  secured,  thereby  exempting  the  great  mass  of 
our  citizenship  from  active  military  service,  except 
in  great  emergencies.  A  system  of  voluntary  mili- 
tary service  is  preferable  for  us,  provided  it  be 


20  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

within  the  financial  reach  of  the  country,  and  gives 
adequate  insurance  against  the  predatory  tenden- 
cies of  possible  enemies.  A  system  that  will  facili- 
tate such  voluntary  service,  while  still  reserving  the 
right  and  asserting  the  authority  of  the  nation  to 
enforce  obligatory  military  service  when  necessary, 
is  preferable  to  conscription,  and  the  country  can 
well  afford  to  incur  a  reasonable  expense  to  institute 
such  a  system. 

The  best  judgment  of  our  ablest 
Size  of  Military  .-,..  ,, 

_  .y       military   men    agrees    that    we 
Insurance  Policy  ,  .,  ,  ^     n 

must  make  available  lor  imme- 
diate action,  at  all  times  a  trained  force  of  about 
500,000  men.  This  force  must  be  trained,  equipped, 
organized  in  time  of  peace,  and  ready  for  instant 
action;  but  need  not  necessarily  be  separated  from 
industrial  activity  until  the  occasion  for  its  use  ar- 
rives, if  any  way  can  be  found  for  its  training  and 
organization  consistent  with  normal  industrial  ac- 
tivity of  its  members.  The  best  military  men  we 
have  are  agreed  that  such  a  force  would  be  an  ade- 
quate insurance  against  war;  would  probably  pre- 
vent war  from  ever  being  made  upon  our  country, 
by  any  other  country  or  group  of  countries. 

The  Permanent  Personnel  can  be  a  part  of  this 
force,  and  it  can  be  utilized  in  training  the  remainder 
of  this  force.  Sound  considerations  of  economy 
require  that  the  permanent  personnel  should  be  used 
in  both  these  ways,  as  far  as  practicable.  The  per- 
manent personnel  would  thus  have  two  functions. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  21 

1.  Ordinary  military  service  in  time  of  peace;  a 
sort  of  police  duty. 

2.  The  work  of  a  great  Training   School  for 
Minute  Men,  in  which  the  rest  of  our  emergency 
forces  shall  be  shaped  up  and  organized  for  instant 
action  in  peace  time. 

The  regular  army  has  never  been  used  as  such  a 
training  school  in  the  past.  The  training  school 
for  war,  in  all  our  past  wars,  has  been  the  school  of 
War,  the  most  expensive  possible  school  for  such 
training.  Always  the  most  expensive  school  of 
training,  under  modern  conditions  it  is  also  the  least 
efficient,  and  is  sure  to  lead  to  disaster.  Trained 
troops  can  be  met  successfully  by  none  but  troops 
equally  well  trained,  and  the  great  peril  before  our 
country  at  present  is  that  it  will  be  overwhelmed  by 
the  European  Victor,  with  tremendous  numbers  of 
the  best  trained  veterans  of  the  greatest  war  in 
history.  So  many  grievances  against  our  country 
are  being  nursed  by  all  the  contestants,  and  so  rich 
is  the  prize  that  awaits  the  aggression  of  the  victor, 
that  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  pretext  nor  of  the 
peril.  It  is  useless  to  discuss  the  subject  with  any- 
one who  cannot  see,  or  will  not  admit  these  facts. 
No  appeal  can  be  made  to  such  intelligence.  The 
appeal  to  save  our  country  by  timely  military  prepa- 
ration, if  there  yet  be  time,  is  to  those  who  can 
see  the  peril,  and  are  willing  to  do  what  is  possible 
to  avoid  its  effects. 


CHAPTER  III. 

PRELIMINARY  DATA  FOR  ESTIMATES  OF  COST. 

In  order  to  make  any  intelligent  esti- 
0        mate  of  the  cost  of  adequate  prepa- 

".     a.  '       ration  two  things  must  be  determined; 
an  estimate  Permanent  Per. 


sonnel. 

2.  Size  and  cost  of  War  Force  thought  neces- 
sary. 

It  would  be  well  for  purpose  of  comparison  to 
have  also  an  idea  of  the  present  cost  of  our  existing 
system  of  unpreparedness.  The  cost  of  the  regular 
army,  proper,  is  about  one  hundred  millions  per 
year.  To  this  must  be  added  the  pension  list  of  the 
Civil  War,  a  direct  tax  upon  unpreparedness,  of 
about  a  hundred  and  forty  millions  per  year.  The 
total  cost  of  the  present  system,  therefore,  is  very 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  billion  dollars  per  year. 

The  pension  list  of  the  Civil  War  is  now  declin- 
ing, and  its  annual  decrease  might  be  diverted  to 
military  preparation  for  the  future  without  in  any 
way  increasing  the  military  burdens  of  the  country. 
No  better  monument  to  the  veterans  who  saved  the 
nation  could  be  made  than  to  erect  a  bulwark  of 
safety  to  protect  the  future  of  that  nation.  In  ten 
years  from  now,  in  all  probability,  the  decrease  in 
their  pension  roll  will  amount  to  a  hundred  millions 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  23 

per  year.  Hence  any  plan  that  would  give  us  an 
adequate  military  system  at  a  cost  of  less  than  a 
hundred  millions  per  year  can  be  put  through  with- 
out entailing  any  increase  whatever  in  military 
expenses. 

I  would  not  decrease  the  allowances  made  to  the 
men  of  1865  by  a  dollar.  All  honor  to  them.  The 
most  distinguished  chapter  in  American  History  is 
that  which  records  the  substantial  generosity  ex- 
tended to  them  in  their  time  of  need  by  the  nation 
they  saved  from  disunion.  But  I  would  look  to 
the  future  and  as  their  account  is  diminished  by  the 
toll  of  time  I  would  divert  the  saving  thus  made  into 
the  creation  of  a  permanent  insurance  of  the  Na- 
tional Safety,  a  monument  in  their  honor  and  to 
their  memory,  in  the  form  of  a  system  of  National 
Defense  that  shall  forever  safeguard  •  what  they 
fought  for. 

The  size  of  the  Permanent  Per- 
Divisions  of  the  i  i  -,  ., 

sonnel  depends  upon  its  uses. 
Permanent  r™ 

These  are  three: 

1.     A  Training  School  for  Na- 
tional Defense. 

2.  An  Expeditionary  Force. 

3.  An  Oversea  Force. 

These  three  elements  of  the  permanent  military 
establishment  are  worthy  of  further  discussion. 


24  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

Such    a    Training    School    should 

Divisions  of  the  ••  /? 

.   .  cover  every  necessary  element  01 

®  National  Defense  on  the  American 

continent.  It  would  necessarily  be 
divided  into  groups  which  would  specialize  upon 
appropriate  subjects,  coast  defense,  mobile  artil- 
lery, machine  gun  development  and  service,  aero 
service,  infantry,  cavalry,  signal  service,  sanitation, 
and  so  on,  would  all  be  provided  for,  each  in  its  due 
proportion.  We  have  already  nucleii  for  nearly 
all  these  groups.  Each  group  nucleus  would  not 
merely  keep  abreast  of  world  development  in  its 
specialty,  but  would  also  be  charged  with  the  de- 
velopment, education,  training  and  mobilization  of 
the  complete  force  of  that  special  unit  required  at 
any  time  by  the  circumstances. 

For  example,  the  infantry  group  of 
Use  of  the     .,  ', 

'  the  training  school  would  each  year  re- 

ompc  ,  ceive,  instruct,  equip  and  organize,  the 
men  destined  to  the  infantry  service  in 
case  of  war,  and  would  mobilize  these  men  whenever 
directed  to  do  so  by  proper  authority.  In  like 
manner  the  coast  defense  component,  the  aero  com- 
ponent, and  each  other  component  of  the  training 
school,  would  receive,  instruct,  equip,  organize, 
mobilize  when  so  ordered,  and  demobilize  upon  ex- 
piration of  service,  the  troops  destined  to  service  in 
that  specialty. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  25 

Over  all  these  complex  opera- 
Directorate  of  i[o^  both  in  peace  and  in  w^ 

Training;       ^    wouM  ^  «The  Generals>  Staffj»  a 

1,    ^T  COTPS  of  technical  military  experts, 

whose  proper  function  is  to  assist 
commanders  in  the  formulation  of  orders  for  and 
execution  of  military  operations.  The  organiza- 
tion and  duties  assigned  to  our  general  staff  by 
Secretary  Root  remain  substantially  unchanged. 
They  converted  this  body  into  an  advisory  council, 
split  up  into  committees  and  subcommittees,  devoid 
of  responsibility,  functioning  in  such  a  manner  that 
no  one  can  be  held  responsible  for  mistakes  in  any- 
thing it  does.  The  very  nature  of  military  deci- 
sions requires  individual  responsibility.  This  we 
have  not,  and  never  have  had,  under  the  present  or- 
ganization, which  is  more  noted  for  an  elaborate 
system  of  "passing  the  buck"  than  for  any  other 
peculiarity. 

Possibly  the  system  adopted  for  the  organization 
of  what  we  now  call  "The  General  Staff"  was  a 
reflex  of  the  routine  method  of  passing  responsibil- 
ity that  has  been  in  vogue  so  long  in  the  army ;  pos- 
sibly it  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  whole  subject 
was  new;  as  new  to  the  officers  of  our  service  as  it 
was  to  Secretary  Root.  The  Secretary  took  counsel 
with  the  best  available  officers,  notably  with  General 
W.  H.  Carter,  and  no  doubt  he  did  the  best  that 
could  be  done  at  that  time;  but  the  responsibility 


26  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

was  his,  and  the  defects  of  organization  are  justly 
chargeable  to  him  as  well.  No  one  will  dispute  that 
a  high  level  of  excellence  has  been  maintained  in  the 
personnel  of  that  body,  but  many  may  doubt 
whether  or  not  the  results  of  their  work  have  justi- 
fied its  existence  as  such  a  body.  We  are  not  per- 
ceptibly nearer  to  a  satisfactory  state  of  National 
Defense  as  a  result  of  their  efforts,  but  as  a  result 
of  a  great  public  awakening  of  interest  in  the  sub- 
ject. This  has  been  due  primarily  to  an  unselfish 
campaign  for  publicity  as  to  the  needs  of  the  nation 
by  certain  army  officers,  who  have  paid  the  expenses 
of  that  campaign  out  of  their  own  pockets,  and 
secondarily  to  the  events  of  the  last  year  in  other 
countries  by  which  Americans  have  been  compelled 
to  take  stock  of  their  military  resources. 

.      Be  that  as  it  may,  in  the  sound  or- 
orrec   j  ?  ganization    of    our    military    resources 
'  that  should  now  be  made,  all  known  de- 

fects should  be  corrected.  Experience  has  de- 
veloped them;  observation  of  the  working  of  "The 
Generals'  Staff"  in  other  countries  has  furnished 
a  better  conception  of  its  correct  organization  and 
use;  advantage  should  be  taken  of  these  elements 
of  progress.  It  is  properly  a  body  of  tactical  ex- 
perts, and  should  never  be  treated  as  anything  else. 
Let  us  make  a  plan  that  will  insure  competent 
commanders,  with  picked  "Generals'  Staffs,"  and 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  27 

will  fix  responsibility  beyond  the  power  of  any  man 
to  evade  it. 

Xow,  with  a  conception  first  of  the 
General  total  f Qrce  ^  should  be  prepared  in 

Conception  t-me  of  peace  f Qr  instant  mobilization 
(500,000),  and  second  of  the  part  to  be  played  by 
the  Permanent  Personnel  in  this  work  under  the 
supervision  of  the  "Generals'  Staff,"  one  element  of 
the  problem  is  outlined  and  we  may  consider  other 
phases  of  it. 

A  contractor  estimating  for  the 
'  labor,  materials,  time  and  expense  re- 
quired on  any  job,  would  consider 
what  he  has  to  do,  the  available  materials,  and  what 
personnel  he  can  command,  in  order  to  reach  an 
estimate  of  the  time  and  the  expense.  We  who 
have  been  educated  for  that  purpose  by  the  Govern- 
ment, who  have  been  especially  trained  for  the 
military  service  of  the  country,  and  who  have  had 
long  experience  in  military  work,  may  be  regarded 
as  the  expert  estimators  and  overseers  who  are  em- 
ployed on  this  job  by  the  Congress,  as  Contractor 
for  the  National  Defense  for  the  American  People. 
Our  work  should  be  to  make  the  necessary  estimates, 
and  then  to  superintend  the  performance  of  the  con- 
tract. As  such,  we  have  now  estimated  for  500,000 
men,  the  trainers  to  constitute  a  permanent  gang  of 
workmen.  This  Permanent  Personnel  will  have 
two  other  jobs  in  addition  to  the  training  of  the 


28  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

500,000  of  which  they  will  form  a  part.  Before  we 
can  determine  the  size  of  the  Permanent  Personnel 
we  must  consider,  therefore,  the  other  two  jobs  that 
will  be  assigned  to  it,  in  order  to  make  an  intelligent 
estimate  of  the  size  of  the  permanent  gang  of  work- 
men. That  is  exactly  the  way  any  contractor 
would  approach  a  job.  He  would  first  determine 
the  size  of  his  permanent  gang,  then  how  many 
temporary  employees  he  would  need  in  the  execu- 
tion of  his  contract.  With  this  data  he  could  figure 
out  the  size  of  his  weekly  pay  roll. 

Training  of  both  permanent  and  tran- 

sient personnel,  and  arrangements  for 

0  e   the    necessary    supplies    for    military 

n     operations  for  the  whole  force  on  a  war 
Personnel  firgt  of  ^  taskg  for 


permanent  personnel.  Its  second  task  is  the  defense 
of  those  oversea  possessions  which,  unless  we  have  a 
Navy  big  enough  to  command  both  the  Atlantic  and 
the  Pacific  Oceans,  cannot  be  reinforced  after  war 
becomes  imminent,  Their  defense  must  therefore 
be  provided  for  in  time  of  peace,  and  by  the  perma- 
nent personnel,  since  it  will  be  impossible  to  count 
on  utilizing  the  transient  personnel  for  that  purpose. 
The  third  task  is  to  create  and  to  maintain  an  expe- 
ditionary force  of  adequate  size  for  necessary  uses. 
The  relief  of  the  Legation  in  Pekin,  and  the  Oc- 
cupation of  Vera  Cruz,  and  the  Texas  Division 
which  has  been  under  field  orders  now  four  years, 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  29 

illustrate  both  the  necessity  and  the  solution  of  this 
part  of  the  task. 

Colonial  defense  and  expeditionary  duty  are 
legitimate  activities  of  the  army  which  cannot  be 
performed  by  transient  personnel.  In  the  nature 
of  the  case,  since  military  responsibility  terminates 
with  discharge  from  the  military  service,  a  tempor- 
ary personnel  is  not  suitable  for  employment  on 
work  of  these  classes.  The  case  of  Captain 
Brownell,  brought  to  public  notice  in  1902  during 
the  investigation  of  the  conduct  of  the  war  in  the 
Philippine  Islands,  illustrates  one  vital  objection 
to  the  employment  of  temporary  forces  for  that 
class  of  work ;  and  the  refusal  of  the  militia  of  New 
York  state  to  cross  to  Queenstown  in  support  of  the 
attack  on  that  place  in  1812  illuminates  another 
vital  objection.  With  two  vital  objections  it  is  not 
worth  while  to  discuss  the  use  of  transient  personnel 
for  either  of  these  purposes.  These  forces  must  be 
part  of  the  Permanent  Personnel;  and  in  addition 
it  must  also  comprise  whatever  number  is  necessary 
to  act  as  instructors  for  the  Transient  Personnel. 
.  When  our  estimate  has  been 

prepared  on  the  basis  of  our  pres- 
j  ent    international    and    domestic 

onnel;  obligations,  and  when  such  esti- 

mate comes  before  the  Congress 
the  Philippines  '  f  or  its  consideration,  it  will  be  well 
within  the  scope  of  congressional  action  to  decide 


30  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

whether,  in  view  of  the  additional  cost,  it  is  worth 
while  to  defend  that  country  which,  if  its  represen- 
tatives are  to  be  believed  sincere,  is  clamoring  for 
the  chance  to  defend  itself.  It  may  be  well  to  con- 
sider whether  or  not  our  country  should  get  rid  of 
an  outlying  dependency  not  worth  from  any  stand- 
point the  cost  of  its  defense,  and  that  shows  no 
gratitude  or  appreciation  for  the  advancement  in 
education,  in  manufactures,  in  roads,  and  in  liberty 
of  speech  and  publication,  that  have  been  given  to 
its  people  under  American  Sovereignty. 

Indeed,  it  is  necessary  that  the  question  should  be 
considered  whether  or  not  its  defense  shall  be  in- 
cluded, in  order  to  make  any  intelligent  estimate  of 
the  Permanent  Personnel  required  by  our  country 
for  its  own  defense ;  for  the  outlying  dependency  is 
a  source  of  great  weakness  if  considered  from  a 
purely  defensive  point  of  view,  but  can  be  made  an 
element  of  great  strength  in  case  an  "offensive  de- 
fensive" is  contemplated.  There  are  two  ways  of 
conducting  a  defense.  One  is  to  sit  still,  await  at- 
tack, and  let  our  own  country  bear  the  brunt  of  the 
war.  The  other  is  to  "Carry  the  war  into  Africa," 
assail  the  enemy  in  his  most  vulnerable  points,  and 
make  his  own  people  endure  some  of  the  hardships 
of  war.  The  Philippines  can  be  made  an  element 
of  great  strength  in  case  our  country  should  ever  be 
engaged  in  war  with  any  Power  that  has  Oriental 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  31 

Possessions,  provided  our  defense  shall  include  of- 
fensive action  against  such  enemy. 

It  is  not  merely  whether  the  Philippines  are 
worth  to  our  country  the  cost  of  their  defense,  but 
also  whether  or  not  there  exists  any  constitutional 
authority  in  our  government,  except  the  treaty  mak- 
ing power,  by  which  their  defense  can  be  neglected. 
The  oath  to  support  the  constitution  and  execute 
the  laws  of  the  United  States,  which  is  taken  by 
every  member  of  the  army  from  the  President  down 
to  the  latest  recruit,  makes  no  exception  of  any  part 
of  the  territory  of  our  country  over  which  the  Flag 
legitimately  flies.  The  surrender  of  Manila  with- 
out active  defense  would  be  just  as  disgraceful  as 
was  the  surrender  of  Detroit.  Public  property  and 
American  Sovereignty  belong  to  the  United  States 
just  as  much  in  Manila  as  they  do  in  Chicago  or 
New  York.  The  very  newspapers  and  peace  advo- 
cates who  advocate  the  abandonment  of  the  Philip- 
pines would  be  the  first  to  condemn  an  officer  of  the 
army  who  should  follow  the  example  of  General 
Hull  in  Manila. 

No  doubt  cession  of  territory  to  another  country 
by  treaty  would  be  just  as  legitimate  as  the  acquire- 
ment of  territory  from  another  country  by  treaty, 
but  this  disposition  of  the  Philippine  Islands  has 
never  been  advocated  by  anybody,  nor  proposed  by 
any  other  country.  It  need  not  be  considered  here. 


32  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

But  the  question  whether  the  right  of  secession, 
finally  denied  to  the  states  at  Appomattox,  may  be 
exercised  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  by 
terminating  American  Sovereignty  over  any  por- 
tion of  territory  where  it  has  been  rightfully  estab- 
lished, is  a  novel  one  which  has  never  been  tested  by 
the  Supreme  Court  nor  adjudicated  by  the  Arbitra- 
ment of  War.  This  question  will  have  to  be  ad- 
judicated before  it  will  be  possible  to  erect  any  part 
of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  into  an  inde- 
pendent Sovereignty  by  Act  of  Congress,  and  then 
terminate  American  Sovereignty  over  that  territory 
by  ceding  it  to  the  independent  State  thus  erected. 
The  proposition  that  while  a  State  may  not  initiate 
secession,  Congress  may  do  so  by  the  exercise  of 
some  sort  of  extra-constitutional  power  is  a  novel 
one  that  need  not  concern  us  in  this  discussion.  The 
President,  the  Officers  of  the  Army,  and  all  the 
members  of  Congress  are  under  an  oath  of  office 
to  support  and  defend  the  existing  constitution  and 
laws  of  the  United  States.  When  the  proponents 
of  this  new  form  of  secession  are  face  to  face 
with  the  responsibility  of  action,  as  these  respon- 
sible officers  are  now,  it  is  probable  that  they 
will  prefer  the  legitimate  method  of  seeking  an 
amendment  to  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  granting  specific  authority  for  the  proposed 
action,  to  any  overt  act  of  secession  in  a  new  form 
which  might,  possibly,  subject  them  to  impeach- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  33 

ment  for  treason  and  to  the  penalties  prescribed  for 
conviction  of  treason  under  such  impeachment. 
Secession  was  found  a  few  years  ago  to  be  a  serious 
crime,  costing  much  treasure  and  many  lives. 
Membership  in  Congress  confers  no  more  right  to 
initiate  it  than  membership  in  the  legislature  of 
South  Carolina.  Even  the  members  of  Congress 
who  were  from  the  South  resigned  their  seats  in  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  before  they  assumed 
part  in  the  attempt  at  secession  from  its  authority. 
Time  is  the  universal  solvent,  and 
will,  no  doubt,  solve  the  question  as  to 
the  ultimate  disposition  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands;  but  in  the  meantime  all  the  officials 
of  the  United  States,  army  officers,  congressmen, 
Commander-in-chief,  are  under  oath  to  support  and 
defend  the  Constitution  and  Laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  to  see  that,  in  the  case  of  the  President, 
these  laws  be  faithfully  executed.  All  the  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  are  bound  by  the  same  oath. 
By  this  oath,  until  released  from  it  in  a  lawful  man- 
ner, they  are  bound  to  support  and  to  defend  the 
Sovereignty  of  the  United  States  in  every  square 
foot  of  territory  in  which  it  exists.  The  Sover- 
eignty of  the  United  States  over  the  Philippine 
Islands  was  acquired  by  treaty,  by  purchase  and  by 
conquest,  the  three  indefeasible  means  of  acquiring 
sovereignty,  the  same  means  by  which  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  United  States  has  been  established 


34  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

over  all  the  other  territory  which  it  holds;  co-exten- 
sive, co-equal,  and  of  the  same  binding  force  in 
every  part  of  the  jurisdiction  of  our  country, 
whether  at  Bladensburg,  at  Fort  Sumpter,  in  Wash- 
ington, in  Honolulu,  or  in  Manila. 

An  assault  upon  that  sovereignty  by 
.  a  foreign  nation,  or  a  state  of  insurrec- 
tion by  its  own  population,  would  be 
exactly  the  same  national  insult,  whether  committed 
at  Jolo  or  at  Sandy  Hook.  The  responsible  officers 
of  the  government,  Congress,  the  President  and  the 
army  and  navy,  would  be  under  precisely  the  same 
obligation  to  assert  and  to  maintain  that  sovereignty 
in  Jolo  or  Manila  as  Charleston  or  in  San  Francisco 
(in  territory  acquired  by  the  same  means,  by  con- 
quest, by  purchase  and  by  treaty,  though  held  a  few 
years  longer). 

The    estimate    for    the    defense 
Estimate  n  ,,       « 

oi  oversea  possessions,  therefore, 

must  include          must  indude  the  def  ense  of  M  of 

Oversea  Defense    ,,  -,-,  *       ,  ^ 

them,    regardless    oi    ephemeral 

and  pernicious  political  agitation  for  a  new  form  of 
secession;  agitation  as  pernicious  as  it  was  in  1860, 
unless  directed  toward  accomplishment  of  its  object 
in  a  lawful  manner  through  due  constitutional 
amendment.  Officers  of  the  Army  should  have  no 
more  to  do  with  it  than  they  should  have  had  to  do 
with  secession  in  1861.  This  estimate  must  include 
the  defense  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  because  so 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  35 

long  as  American  Sovereignty  extends  to  them  they 
must  be  defended  by  the  United  States.  No  mili- 
tary man  would  consider  the  inhabitants  capable  of 
defending  them  against  any  First-class  Power, 
least  of  all  any  officer  who  took  part  as  the  author 
did  in  the  conquest  of  the  Philippines  from  1899 
to  1901.  The  bare  idea  that  the  natives,  alone, 
could  do  anything  of  the  sort  is  merely  ridiculous. 

In  like  manner,  these  estimates  must  include  the 
defense  of  Alaska,  of  Porto  Rico,  of  Hawaii,  of 
Guam,  and  of  the  Panama  Canal.  None  of  these 
dependencies  are  capable  of  self  defense,  and  none 
of  them  could  be  sacrificed  without  loss  to  the  pres- 
tige and  dignity  of  the  United  States,  without  viola- 
tion of  the  oaths  of  office  of  the  responsible  officers 
of  the  federal  government.  The  last  international 
developments  have  brought  home  to  even  the  most 
obstinate  peace  propogandists  that  the  "Scraps  of 
Paper"  on  which  so  many  Ajnericans  have  based 
their  hope  for  permanent  world  peace  are  utterly 
valueless  whenever  the  interest  of  any  predatory 
power  may  incline  it  to  aggression.  Whether  we 
consider  England's  plans  for  using  Belgium  as  a 
portal  to  Germany,  or  the  above  definition  of  a 
treaty,  or  the  double  dealing  of  Belgium  as  proved 
by  the  official  publications  of  both  England  and 
Germany  and  by  the  publication  of  its  own  captured 
records,  it  is  equally  evident  that  no  treaty  can  be 
relied  upon  for  National  Defense,  no  Hague  Con- 


36  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

vention  will  protect  our  country  from  rapine  and 
pillage,  our  citizens  from  wanton  outrage  and  de- 
struction. Indeed,  many  of  them  have  already 
suffered  these,  not  merely  at  the  hands  of  the  bellig- 
erent nations  of  Europe  in  spite  of  the  official  pro- 
tests and  threats  of  the  Washington  Government, 
but  also  at  the  hands  of  irresponsible  brigands  in 
Mexico,  under  the  very  eyes  of  military  officers  of 
high  rank  (as  at  Douglas,  Arizona,  November  2  to 
4,  1915),  without  reprisal  and  without  protection, 
for  fear  of  worse  consequences  if  we  should  try  to 
protect  them,  because  our  country  is  not  prepared 
for  self  defense.  No  treaty  can  protect  the  weak 
against  the  rapacity  of  the  strong.  Only  the  Might 
of  the  Eternal  can  do  that,  and  if  that  Might  was 
not  exercised  to  protect  the  Innocent  on  Calvary 
what  hope  is  there  that  it  will  protect  the  innocent 
at  Liege,  at  Louvain,  or  in  New  York  or  in  Wash- 
ington? The  Millenium  is  not  yet,  nor  will  be  until 
it  is  established  by  the  Power  of  the  Almighty. 
The  Filched  millions  of  a  foreign  "philanthropist" 
are  as  powerless  to  establish  it  is  a  Papal  Bull  to  ex- 
communicate science  or  the  mandate  of  a  king  to 
dam  back  the  tides  of  the  ocean. 

The  permanent  establishment  of  World  Peace 
does  not  lie  within  human  power  to  accomplish,  and 
until  Divine  Providence  sees  fit  to  give  other  Ex- 
pressions to  its  Will  than  our  present  institutions, 
the  son  will  owe  protection  and  defense  to  the  feeble- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  37 

ness  of  the  mother  who  bore  him,  the  might  of  chiv- 
alry must  still  protect  the  weakness  of  innocence 
and  virtue,  the  patriotic  citizen  must  still  unsheath 
the  sword  of  his  glorious  predecessors  of  all  ages 
and  all  countries  when  his  country  calls  upon  him  in 
her  hour  of  need. 

In  the  discharge  of  this  duty  it  will  not  be  for  him 
to  say;  "this  part  I  will  defend,  that  part  I  will 
refuse  to  protect" ;  but  it  will  be  his  duty,  as  that  of 
all  loyal,  true  and  faithful  soldiers,  to  defend  with 
all  his  might  that  station  to  which  his  country  shall 
assign  him.  It  will  be  equally  the  duty,  as  it  is  the 
sworn  obligation,  of  her  statesmen  and  lawmakers, 
to  defend  and  protect  all  parts  of  the  country's  terri- 
tory, all  its  citizens,  wherever  they  may  be,  without 
regard  to  race,  creed  or  condition.  These  duties 
have  always  been  discharged  by  American  Soldiers 
in  the  past,  have  always  been  provided  for  by 
American  Statesmen  in  the  past.  Please  God,  our 
people  have  not  become  degenerates,  nor  forfeited 
their  birthright.  They  have  the  richest  heritage  on 
the  earth,  they  have  the  virility  to  not  only  develop 
and  enjoy  that  heritage,  but  also  to  protect  and  to 
defend  it,  and  to  transmit  it  unimpaired  to  red 
blooded  descendants  who  will  follow  their  example. 

And  so  these  oversea  possessions  of  our  country, 
the  acquisition  of  which  was  hailed  as  an  extension 
of  the  American  System  by  Divine  Providence, 
must  be  defended  as  long  as  our  Flag  flies  legiti- 


38  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

mately  over  them.  And  so  the  proper  estimates  for 
their  defense  must  be  included,  must  be  made  by  the 
few  trained  officers  who  are  capable  of  that  sort  of 
work,  must  be  provided  for  by  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  as  part  of  its  sworn  duty,  and  will  be 
sanctioned  by  the  People  of  the  United  States  when- 
ever the  matter  is  presented  to  them  as  political  issue 
for  their  decision. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

ESTIMATE  FOR  PERMANENT  PERSONNEL. 

Estimates  of  this  sort  have  been  made 
i*e  07  from  time  to  time  by  the  best  military 

officers  we  have.  These  estimates  have 
been  revised  by  the  best  ability  of  the  General  Staff. 
The  estimates  thus  made  give  the  best  starting  point 
we  have  for  the  solution  of  the  problem  of  National 
Defense.  They  call  for  one  mobile  Division,  with 
a  proper  complement  of  coast  defense  troops,  for 
the  Philippine  Islands;  one  brigade  each,  with  like 
components  of  coast  defense  troops,  for  Hawaii  and 
for  Panama;  for  a  regiment  and  proper  coast  de- 
fense components  in  Alaska,  for  smaller  units  for 
other  oversea  defenses ;  for  an  Expeditionary  Divi- 
sion always  ready  for  action.  This  is  the  part  of 
the  Permanent  Personnel  that  must  be  always  on  a 
basis  for  immediate  active  service.  Summed  up, 
for  oversea  duty  these  estimates  call  for  two  com- 
plete mobile  divisions,  and  for  coast  defense  troops 
which  make  an  aggregate  of  about  50,000  men. 

This  component  of  the  Perma- 

W  ar  Basis  ,  -r»  •,   .     .,         •   •         /.    -n 

nent  Personnel,  in  the  opinion  01  all 

A  ecessary         competent  officers,  s  h  o  u  1  d  be  or- 

for  this  force          .     -,        .   ,   .      -,       -,  ,     .      -, 

ganized,  maintained  and  trained,  on 

a  war  basis  as  to  numbers,  equipment  and  organiza- 
tion, at  all  times.     These  troops  can  expect  no  help 


40  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

from  the  homeland  until  the  seven  seas  shall  have 
been  policed  of  all  enemies.  No  reinforcements, 
nor  new  equipment,  nor  additional  ammunition,  nor 
food  can  reach  them  for  many  months  after  war 
begins.  In  the  case  of  the  Philippine  Islands  there 
is  little  room  to  doubt  that  insurrection  by  the  Taga- 
log  Tribe  (only)  will  add  to  their  difficulties.  The 
Macabebees,  the  Igorrotes,  the  Ifugaos  and  the 
Moros  will  probably  remain  loyal,  but  no  sane  man 
who  knows  the  Tagalog  will  trust  that  race,  either 
individually  or  collectively.  No  longer  ago  than 
Christmas,  1914,  while  a  bill  was  pending  in  Con- 
gress with  every  prospect  of  being  enacted  into  a 
law  which  would  have  made  the  Tagalogs  virtually 
masters  of  the  whole  Philippine  Islands,  an  attempt 
was  made  by  members  of  that  tribe  to  start  an  in- 
surrection with  the  avowed  purpose  of  massacreing 
the  white  people  in  the  islands.  Three  times  in  a 
single  night  were  the  troops  at  Fort  William  Mc- 
Kinley  turned  out  by  the  call,  "To  Arms!"  The 
attempt  was  unsuccessful,  but  no  one  who  knows 
them  can  doubt  that  its  object  meets  the  approval 
of  the  whole  Tagalog  tribe.  So  there  is  no  doubt 
that  this  particular  garrison  will  have  insurrection 
to  contend  with  from  within,  as  well  as  foes  from 
without,  in  the  event  of  war. 

Porto  Rico  dominates  the  Caribbean,  and  would 
be  a  prize  for  any  enemy.  Hawaii  dominates  the 
Pacific,  and  must  be  an  object  of  attack  in  time  of 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  41 

war.  The  coal  and  gold  of  Alaska  will  be  as  potent 
a  magnet  to  draw  attack  as  the  strategical  positions 
of  Porto  Rico,  Hawaii  and  the  Philippines,  and  the 
Panama  Canal  is  bound  to  bear  the  brunt  of  a  stub- 
born attempt  to  capture  this  commercial  aorta  of  the 
world. 

.  The  estimates  above  made  are 

1  he  Estimates    tfae    irreducible    mmimum.     They 

are  Minimum  T          <*  i  -     i     i 

cannot  be  salely  revised  down- 
ward. If  revised  at  all  they  must  be  increased. 
They  were  made  before  the  thunderbolt  of  August, 
1914,  was  hurled  at  civilization;  before  the  lessons 
of  the  past  year  upset  all  previous  notions  of  the 
military  art. 

Since  August  1914  the  air  has  become  peopled 
above  battlefields  with  armored  aeroplanes  armed 
with  machine  guns  and  dropping  death  dealing 
darts  while  they  accurately  locate  ranges  with  smoke 
bombs  for  42  centimeter,  20  mile,  asphyxiating  artil- 
lery; automobile  trucks  have  raised  the  rate  of 
march  for  infantry  from  15  miles  per  day  to  120 
miles  per  day,  as  in  Gallieni's  flank  movement  for 
the  Defense  of  Paris,  have  borrowed  the  scythes  of 
Boadicea  to  smash  through  wire  entanglements, 
and  emulate  with  their  machine  guns  on  land  the 
torpedoes  of  the  submarine  in  the  sea ;  search  lights 
have  made  every  commander  a  Joshua  who  can 
prolong  the  daylight  at  will  for  the  enemy's 
slaughter;  infantry  and  cavalry  are  discarding  the 


42  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

rifle,  as  they  formerly  did  the  crossbow,  for  the 
more  deadly  and  efficient  machine  gun.  The  whole 
equipment  of  war  has  been  changed  in  the  last  year. 
These  oversea  garrisons  will  have  to  fight  against 
an  enemy  now  panoplied  with  destructive  arma- 
ments of  deadly  power  and  will  be  themselves 
armed  with  an  equipment  as  obsolete  as  the  Pliocene 
Club  of  Pithecanthropus  Erectus  until  we  can 
arouse  the  non-military  American  public  to  the  fact 
that  a  new  Art  of  War  has  sprung,  full  armed, 
from  the  battlefields  of  Belgium  and  France  dur- 
ing the  past  year. 

No;  these  estimates  for  oversea  defense  cannot 
be  revised  downward.  Any  reconsideration  must 
augment  them.  Probably  they  should  be  greatly 
increased  in  this  discussion;  but  there  are  so  many 
things  pressing  to  be  done,  the  estimates  made  and 
to  be  made  will  call  for  as  much  of  an  increase  as 
can  be  wisely  made  at  one  time  on  account  of 
scarcity  of  competent  leadership  to  install  a  greater 
increase  at  the  present  time,  that  we  will  adopt 
these  estimates  as  a  working  basis  and  go  on  with 
the  discussion.  We  cannot  do  all  that  is  to  be  done 
at  a  single  stroke,  either  in  estimate  or  in  action. 
Let  these  estimates  stand  as  they  are,  inadequate 
as  they  are. 

,...  The  second  element  of  the  Per- 

Exveditionary  _  ,   .  ^        ,. 

_  r  manent  Personnel  is  an  Expedi- 

tionary Force.     Our  history  is  full 
of  occasions  when  it  has  been  necessary  to  use  such 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  43 

a  force.  When  it  is  necessary  there  is  little  time  to 
organize,  and  none  to  train  it.  An  adequate  body 
of  troops  should,  therefore,  be  estimated  for  in  any 
sound  scheme  of  National  Defense  for  this  purpose. 

From  the  very  nature  of  their 
Oversea  and  dutieg  the  f  orceg  already  estimated 
Expeditionary  ^  ^  ^^  drf  ense  ^  nofc  be 


Forces  cannot  available  for  an  Expeditionary 
Force.  They  must  remain  at  the 
place  assigned  to  them,  more  especially  when  the 
storm  clouds  of  international  discord  lower  enough 
to  require  the  use  of  an  expeditionary  force. 

The  part  of  the  Permanent  Personnel  to  be  as- 
signed to  the  duty  of  training  the  citizen  soldiery 
will  be  obliged  to  work  on  a  regular  schedule  if 
their  economical  utility  be  considered.  Such 
schedules  will  no  doubt  start  with  homogeneous 
classes  of  recruits,  and  will  proceed  through  an  in- 
tensive course  of  training  so  as  to  make  these  re- 
cruits serviceable  in  the  shortest  possible  time.  In 
this  way  the  smallest  possible  training  force  will  be 
required,  and  its  output  of  trained  soldiers,  ready 
for  duty  wherever  they  may  be  sent,  will  be  the 
maximum  output  practicable  with  the  plant  and 
equipment.  That  is  the  way  any  contractor  or 
manufacturer  would  estimate  for  the  use  of  any 
plant  and  equipment,  in  order  to  obtain  its  maxi- 
mum utility.  The  principles  which  govern  this 
problem  are  the  same  that  govern  any  other  in 


44  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

which  the  data  are  men,  materials  and  time ;  the  re- 
quirement, a  finished  product  at  the  end  of  the 
operation. 

This  operation  of  turning 
Training  School      ^  &  ^^      ^^  rf  weU 

and  Expeditionary  trained  ^^  ^^  ^  eco. 
Personnel  Cannot  nomicall  carried  on  if  the 

be  Combined  <*         •         i     *.  •       u-    j. 

manufacturmg  plant  is  subject 

to  frequent  interruptions,  its  skilled  specialists  fre- 
quently pulled  off  their  work  and  assigned  to  other 
duties,  to  be  replaced  when  the  plant  resumes  opera- 
tions with  other  overseers  or  instructors  not  ex- 
perienced in  the  special  work  of  this  particular 
plant,  and  its  classes  interrupted  in  the  midst  of 
their  course  of  training. 

The  case  may  be  illustrated  in 
Illustration  from          .,  1,11  i 

77         T|7    7        another   way    by   college   work. 
ouege  A  ckss  enters  college  and  begins 

a  course  of  instruction.  It  is  under  skilled  teachers. 
If  permitted  to  continue  its  work  without  interrup- 
tion this  class  will  complete  its  course  in  a  certain 
time,  and  its  members  will  then  receive  their 
diplomas  as  proficient  in  the  course  of  instruction. 
But  if  the  class  is  frequently  taken  off  its  regular 
work  and  put  on  other  work  for  months  at  a  time; 
if  its  teachers  are  frequently  taken  away  in  the 
midst  of  their  course  of  instruction  and  other  teach- 
ers assigned  who  are  neither  familiar  with  the 
course  nor  with  the  personnel  of  the  classes  nor  ac- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  45 

quainted  with  the  schedules;  it  is  evident  that  the 
time  required  by  this  class  for  the  completion  of  its 
course  of  training  will  be  greatly  extended,  its  pro- 
ficiency impaired,  and  the  number  of  students  who 
will  complete  the  course  will  be  smaller  than  if  it 
had  proceeded  without  interruption  under  its  origi- 
nal instructors. 

,      7.     ,.        j.   This  illustrates  exactly  what  will 
Application  of   ,  .„  J 

FIf    .     ,.  happen  if  the  attempt  be  made  to 

Illustration  \,     _        ...  _ 

use  the  .Expeditionary  Force  as  a 

training  school.  A  call  for  the  suppression  of  mob 
violence  in  Colorado  or  Chicago  or  Pittsburgh ;  an 
outrage  on  the  Texas  border;  a  sailor's  row  at 
Valparaiso,  Relief  for  a  Legation  in  Pekin,  any  one 
of  a  hundred  calls  such  as  have  come  unexpectedly 
in  the  past  will  come  in  the  future,  will  break  up 
schedules,  will  take  away  instructors,  will  paralyze 
all  efforts  at  systematic  training  of  the  transient 
personnel.  Thus  if  the  Expeditionary  force  be 
used  for  Training  School  duty  the  whole  system 
will  fail.  It  will  be  at  all  times  in  a  condition  of 
unstable  equilibrium. 

The  objects  for  which  an  Expedition- 

^Lnotrier  -.-,  .,,  -,  ,  -., 

,  .  ary  lorce  will  be  used,  require  at  all 

times  the  highest  condition  of  training 
and  discipline.  Like  war,  the  occasion  will  come 
unexpectedly.  The  expedition  must  start  at  once 
to  be  effective.  There  is  no  time  for  further  train- 
ing or  for  reorganization.  If  it  were  part  of  the 


46  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

Training  School,  it  would  be  necessary  to  separate 
the  permanent  part  from  the  transient  part  of  the 
personnel,  and  raise  the  permanent  part  to  war 
strength  by  new  assignments.  At  the  same  time 
the  training  school  would  be  disorganized  by  this 
change  of  personnel. 

If  we  consider  taking  the  whole  personnel,  train- 
ing school,  both  transient  and  permanent,  that  is, 
both  instructors  and  students  (for  that  is  what  all 
the  transient  personnel  will  be  during  the  first 
year),  we  have  the  old  problem  of  using  partially 
trained  forces.  The  present  war  in  Europe  ought 
to  make  argument  on  that  subject  unnecessary. 
Untrained  forces,  or  partially  trained  forces,  can- 
not stand  against  well  trained  forces.  That  is  all 
there  is  to  it.  A  hastily  organized  regiment,  like  the 
"Rough  Riders,"  containing  picked  material,  com- 
manded by  one  of  the  most  forceful  personalities 
in  the  world,  may  acquit  itself  creditably  in  a  head- 
long dash,  followed  by  a  smashing  charge,  just  as 
the  "Rough  Riders"  did;  but  such  a  force  is  not 
well  adapted  to  the  gruelling  work  of  guerrilla 
warfare  in  the  Philippines,  or  the  years  of  "watch- 
ful waiting"  along  the  Rio  Grande.  The  pacifi- 
cation of  the  Philippines  could  not  be  accomplished 
with  such  a  force.  It  remained  unfinished  until 
regular  troops,  with  abiding,  permanent  responsi- 
bility, could  be  furnished  for  that  work.  If  the 
Expeditionary  Force  were  to  be  taken  temporarily 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  47 

from  the  troops  assigned  to  training  work  for  the 
transient  personnel,  all  these  evils  would  be  met 
with;  and  if  part  of  the  transient  personnel  were 
taken  with  it,  then  all  these  evils  would  be  met,  and 
in  addition,  there  would  be  a  suspension  of  the  work 
of  the  training  school,  proper,  as  long  as  the  emerg- 
ency might  exist.  Sometimes  these  emergencies 
last  for  many  months,  or  even  years;  troops  have 
been  on  "temporary"  duty  on  the  Rio  Grande  now 
for  four  years. 

It  may  therefore  be  concluded 
Ihe  Conclusion  as  .,  ,/  1,1-11,  ^ 

,._  that  there  should  be  an  iLxpe- 

to  Expeditionary       ,...  ^  ,r  » 

„  ditionary  Force,  composed  of 

trained  troops,  with  permanent 
personnel,  ready  at  all  times  for  any  service  that 
may  be  necessary,  either  in  the  continental  limits 
of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  other  place  in  the 
world,  where  American  Citizens  may  need  protec- 
tion for  their  persons  or  their  interests. 

The  size  of  such  a  force  for  the 
United  States  depends  upon  the 
Proses  for  which  it  may  be  re- 
quired.  The  estimate  for  its  size 
should  be  based  upon  the  uses  made  of  such  forces 
in  the  past,  and  the  probable  future  needs  of  the 
country,  as  based  upon  our  world  relations  and 
needs.  The  amount  to  be  set  aside  for  this  use,  like 
that  for  other  purposes,  is  with  the  representatives 
of  the  people  to  determine.  It  is  the  prerogative 


48  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

of  the  Congress,  representing  the  People,  to  de- 
termine finally  all  such  matters. 

In  the  matter  of  estimates,  the  smallest  one  that 
any  military  expert  will  sanction  is  that  unit  which 
contains  within  itself  all  the  elements  of  an  inde- 
pendent military  command.  This  is  determined  not 
by  the  military  experts  of  our  own  country,  but  by 
those  of  the  whole  world.  We  who  make  a  lifelong 
profession  of  Arms,  are  as  powerless  to  alter  this 
unit  as  a  Member  of  Congress,  for  it  is  determined 
by  the  military  experience  of  all  armies,  in  all  coun- 
tries, through  all  time.  The  name  of  the  unit  varies, 
but  the  substance  remains  the  same.  That  unit  is 
called,  at  the  present  time,  in  our  Field  Service 
Regulations,  A  Division. 

In  the  unanimous  opinion  of  all  military  experts, 
the  very  smallest  possible  force  that  will  serve  our 
country's  needs,  for  an  Expeditionary  Force,  is  one 
complete  division.  Until  further  study  of  the  sub- 
ject by  other  officers  equally  expert,  and  supplied 
with  later  data,  shall  indicate  a  change  in  these 
figures,  they  must  stand  as  the  irreducable  minimum 
for  this  purpose.  It  is  not  likely  that  future  esti- 
mates will  revise  this  estimate  downward.  The  in- 
ternal needs  and  external  relations  of  the  country 
are  much  more  likely  to  increase  it,  than  to  diminish 
it.  This  calls  for  about  20,000  men. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  49 

.   .          The  third  element  of  the  Perma- 
nent Personnel,  is  that  necessary 
for  the  training  of  the  Transient 
Personnel.     As  in  other  matters  of  estimates,  there 
must  be  a  just  balance  between  the  results  required 
and  the  means  employed. 

If  the  training  of  the  transient  person- 
nel for  National  Defense,  can  be  man- 
tSoLution  j  •    •  j 

aged  as  a  separate  mission,  and  not  com- 

™  plicated  by  the  concurrent  solution  by 
the  same  trainers  of  other  problems,  foreign  to  that 
subject,  it  will  be  greatly  simplified.  For  example, 
if  at  a  given  time  and  place,  there  are  2,000  young 
men,  who  are  willing  to  be  trained  for  military 
duty,  and  if  there  are  available,  at  the  same  time 
enough  regular  officers  and  men,  to  conduct  that 
training,  evidently  the  training  of  these  2,000  green 
men  can  be  carried  through  efficiently  and  most 
quickly,  by  commencing  with  all  of  them  at  the  same 
time,  and  following  a  well  considered  schedule  of 
training  without  interruption  to  its  completion, 
under  the  same  management  from  beginning  to 
end. 

But  if  the  training  commence  with  groups  of 
various  sizes,  at  irregular  intervals  in  point  of  time, 
if  it  be  conducted  by  instructors  whose  tenure  of 
duty  is  uncertain,  and  who  are  changed  from  one 
duty  to  another  at  frequent  intervals,  without  warn- 
ing, then  if  the  whole  course  on  instruction  is  liable 


50  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

to  sudden,  unforseen  and  unavoidable  interruption 
for  irregular  periods ;  under  the  conditions  the  2,000 
men  will  not  be  as  quickly  trained,  nor  as  well 
trained,  as  in  the  former  case. 

Stated  another  way:  the  material  is  so  many 
green  men;  the  job  is  to  impart  a  certain  course  of 
instruction,  training  and  discipline;  the  means 
available  consist  of  certain  material,  equipment,  and 
a  certain  number  of  instructors.  Manifestly,  the 
most  economical  utilization  of  these  instructors  and 
of  this  material,  both  in  time  and  in  expense,  will 
be  to  place  under  instruction  the  maximum  number 
they  can  efficiently  manage,  arrange  for  continuous 
instruction,  and  then  keep  everybody  at  work  on 
the  job  on  schedule,  until  the  course  be  completed. 

-  That  is  exactly  what  has  never  been 

Economy  of  ,         .     ,,  „  .,      XT 

'  done  in  the  preparation  of  the  Na- 
Energy  and  ,  ^  „         x  T,   .  , 

-j.     °  tional  Defense.     It  is  exactly  what 

^  must  be  done  in  order  to  economically 

utilize  men,  material,  money  and  time.  The  prob- 
lem of  financing  the  national  defense,  depends  upon 
the  economical  expenditure  of  the  funds  appropri- 
ated for  that  purpose,  and  this,  in  turn,  depends 
upon  the  economical  utilization  of  the  Permanent 
Personnel.  We  must  determine  the  minimum 
number  possible  of  permanent  personnel  to  do  the 
work,  the  most  efficient  manner  in  which  this  mini- 
mum number  can  be  used  in  order  to  train  the  re- 
quired number;  and  then  we  can  estimate  for  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  51 

cost.  There  is  no  other  way  in  which  even  an  ap- 
proximation to  the  cost  can  be  reached;  and  >it 
is  certain  that  the  very  first  question  that  will  be 
asked  by  any  Congressman,  by  any  Voter,  will  be; 
"How  much  will  your  plan  cost?"  His  next  ques- 
tion will  be;  "How  much  of  a  force  will  your  plan 
produce?"  The  worst  fault  of  all  plans  thus  far 
proposed  is  that  neither  of  these  questions  can  be 
answered  by  their  proponents,  because  they  have 
not  approached  the  problem  in  the  right  way.  Like 
every  other  problem  in  the  world,  there  is  a  correct 
solution,  and  all  other  solutions  are  not  correct. 

In  making  an  estimate  of  the 
The  Baste  Element;  ..  .     ,  .      ., 

,     .-,..,     7  time    required    to    tram    the 

the  individual;  .  , 

,     .  transient  personnel  we  must 

How  much  time?  ..,    ,,     ,     .         .,    ,, 

start  with  the  basic  unit,  the 

individual.  We  can  do  no  better  than  to  accept  the 
consensus  of  expert  military  opinion  as  to  the  length 
of  time  required  to  train  the  average  individual  to 
a  reasonable  degree  of  military  efficiency.  This  is 
a  matter  which  has  been  made  a  business  by  the 
Germans,  the  French,  the  Swiss  and  the  Italians. 
With  them  it  is  reduced  to  an  exact  art.  The  lowest 
time  they  consider  adequate  is  two  years. 

We,  also,  have  some  valuable  data  on  this  subject. 
In  the  Civil  War  it  was  not  uncommon  to  send 
green  regiments  to  the  firing  line.  The  first  battle 
of  Bull  Run  is  one  example  of  the  results.  Later 
in  the  war  more  time  was  given  to  preparation. 


52  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

There  was  more  experienced  leadership  of  the 
higher  units.  We  do  not  find  a  Commanding  Gen- 
eral performing  the  duties  of  a  battalion  and  regi- 
mental commander  in  1863-65,  and  we  do  find 
troops  rather  more  effectively  used  than  McDowell 
used  them  in  1861.  But  we  do  not  find  any  really 
efficient  with  less  than  a  year  of  training,  unless  the 
training  has  been  in  actual  campaign,  and  we  find 
a  terrible  wastage  of  men  and  material,  due  to  lack 
of  proper  training  all  through  that  war.  We  had 
some  later  experience  in  1898,  with  similar  results. 
We  believe  that  American  men  can  take  this  train- 
ing more  quickly  than  any  other  men  in  the  world, 
especially  if  we  reach  that  class  which  can  be  reached 
only  by  a  call  upon  their  patriotism,  a  class  which 
will  not  volunteer  in  time  of  peace,  but  which  will 
readily  respond  when  the  life  of  the  nation  is  in 
peril.  We  are  confident  that  this  class  of  men  can 
be  more  quickly  trained  than  any  other,  but  we  can- 
not say  to  our  fellow  citizens,  that  even  the  best  of 
this  class  will  be  able  to  do  the  work  without  at 
least  one  year  of  training  in  time  of  peace. 

The  best  judgment  of  the  most  expert  military 
men  in  our  country  agrees  that  we  cannot  give 
adequate  training  in  time  of  peace,  even  to  the  very 
best  class  of  American  material,  in  less  than  one 
year.  We  can  do  it  a  little  more  quickly  in  time  of 
war,  probably,  when  every  faculty  of  both  officers 
and  men  will  be  keyed  up  to  a  higher  pitch,  but 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  53 

it  will  be  at  very  great  expense  of  men  and  material 
and  money,  and  at  very  great  risk  of  initial  defeats 
in  the  war  which  may  cost  the  country  very  dear. 
It  is  to  avoid  the  possibility  of  these  defeats,  if 
that  be  humanly  possible,  that  we  insist  upon  a 
whole  year  of  time  for  peace  training. 

It  is  not  worth  while  to  go  into  technical  details 
about  this.  The  Banker  who  employs  a  skilled 
architect  to  estimate  for  building  a  mansion  would 
be  foolish  to  quibble  with  that  architect  over  minor 
details  of  the  estimate;  how  many  pounds  of  nails, 
gallons  of  paint,  feet  of  lumber,  bundles  of  shingles, 
would  be  required.  He  would  employ  the  best  archi- 
tect he  could  afford,  would  consider  the  estimate  as 
a  whole,  and  would  build  or  not  build  according  to 
his  pleasure,  after  considering  the  finished  estimate. 

He  who  projects  building  a  railroad,  would  not 
quibble  with  the  contractor  about  how  many  days' 
work  or  how  many  scrapers  would  be  necessary, 
for  a  given  section  of  the  road;  he  would  consider 
the  bids  and  award  the  contract  or  not,  according 
to  the  price  and  time  and  ability  of  the  contractor 
to  do  the  job  as  required. 

,  .,     So  in  this  case.    Congress,  for  the 
Analogy  of  the  XT  , .  .  ,   . 

„     .  JNation,  has  a  lob  to  be  done  to  m- 

Contractor  '' 

sure  the  National  Defense.     It  can 

award  the  contract  to  the  skilled  bidders,  who  know 
how  to  make  the  correct  estimates,  who  can  deliver 
the  best  work  in  the  shortest  time,  at  the  lowest  ex- 


54  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

pense;  or  it  can  defer  the  matter  until  some  great 
public  emergency  compels  the  acceptance  of  much 
inferior  work  from  less  competent  hands,  at  much 
greater  expense,  and  it  will  also  run  the  additional 
risk  of  failure  to  deliver  at  all,  by  unskilled  con- 
tractors, or  even  by  the  most  skillful  ones,  by  reason 
of  lack  of  time  enough  to  do  the  job.  In  this  case 
Congress  is  acting  like  an  owner  of  a  warehouse 
full  of  valuable  and  inflammable  stores,  who  refuses 
to  take  out  any  fire  insurance,  or  to  organize  an 
effective  fire  department,  but  depends  upon  a  vol- 
unteer "bucket  brigade"  to  be  organized  after  the 
alarm  is  given.  The  bucket  brigade  may  put  out 
the  fire;  it  did  in  1865,  after  four  years  of  terrible 
losses ;  but  the  owner  of  the  warehouse  will  probably 
lose  most  of  the  contents  of  the  building.  When 
the  very  life  of  a  nation  is  the  issue,  such  a  course 
of  neglect  is  criminal  folly.  There  is  no  other  right 
word  for  it. 

.  The  most  reliable  estimates  of  the  most 

$  wn*a  expert  trained  officers  in  our  country 
agree  that  one  year  of  time  is  the  mini- 
mum necessary  for  training  each  man,  for  his  duty 
as  a  member  of  the  transient  personnel,  under  the 
best  system  we  can  devise,  and  under  the  most  favor- 
able conditions  for  that  training.  We  will  accept 
that  estimate  as  the  basis  of  our 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  55 

They  also  agree  that  three  commis- 
corps  sioned  officers  and  about  25  trained  sol- 

Instructors    dierg  wiu  make  ^  mQst  effident  and 

effective  instructors  for  the  basic  unit  of  one  com- 
pany, and  that  this  unit  of  instructors  can  most 
economically  handle  about  125  green  men;  in  other 
words,  that  if  we  take  a  cadre  of  three  commissioned 
officers  and  25  trained  soldiers,  (comprising  non- 
commissioned officers,  clerks,  cooks,  artificers  and 
trumpeters),  and  if  we  complete  this  company  to 
war  strength  of  150  men  by  the  addition  at  one  time 
of  125  new  recruits,  this  personnel  will  give  the 
best  results  possible  when  devoted  exclusively  to 
the  training  of  such  a  company.  This  arrange- 
ment will  give  the  permanent  personnel  full  work 
to  occupy  their  entire  time,  and  this  number  of  new 
and  uninstructed  men  will  be  the  maximum  that  can 
be  handled  by  this  group  of  instructors,  with  that 
individual  care  and  attention  that  is  necessary,  in 
order  to  secure  the  best  and  quickest  results.  Mili- 
tary opinion  is  settled  that  such  a  unit  as  this  will 
result  in  the  maximum  of  training  with  the  minimum 
expenditures  of  time  and  material.  This  unit  will 
function  most  economically  for  the  purpose,  be- 
cause this  is  the  correct  adjustment  of  parts  for  the 
purpose. 

Military  experts  agree  that  such  a 

company  as  this  is  the  primary  unit 
Organization     of    organization    for    the    purpose. 

They  substantially  agree  that  these  companies  can 


56  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

be  best  managed  when  grouped  in  battalions  of 
four  companies  each,  and  can  be  best  supervised 
when  these  battalions  are  grouped  into  regiments 
of  three  battalions  each,  with  the  two  administra- 
tive companies  of  the  regiment  in  addition,  as  separ- 
ate units  belonging  to  the  regiment,  but  not  at- 
tached to  any  battalion. 
_  ,  Such  a  regiment  would  have  a  Per- 

•     ™  manent  Personnel  of  49  commissioned 

Personnel         ™  ,   0_       v  ,    , 

officers   and   350   enlisted  men.      Its 

Transient  Personnel  would  be  1,750  enlisted  men, 
each  man  under  instruction  for  a  period  of  one  year. 
Its  output,  its  product,  considered  as  a  manufactur- 
ing plant,  would  be  1,750  Minute  Men  per  year. 

.  -.  ,.,.  This  will  furnish  a  basis  on  which 

Additional  Data  , .  IP 

•p       •    j  to  estimate  the  total  number  01 

^  Permanent  Personnel  required  in 

the  Training  School  section  of  the  military  service, 
in  order  to  make  available  the  500,000  required  for 
the  national  defense ;  but  before  we  can  reach  exact 
figures  it  will  be  necessary  to  know  how  long  the 
obligation  of  the  Minute  Man  is  to  last,  after  he 
completes  his  year  of  training.  Without  entering 
at  this  point  into  the  calculations  by  which  the  term 
was  reached,  it  is  enough  to  say  that  an  obligation 
of  four  years,  of  which  the  first  year  will  be  spent 
in  the  Training  School,  will  be  found  to  establish 
a  just  balance  between  the  permanent  and  transient 
personnel,  by  which  the  required  total  force  can  be 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  57 

made  available,  the  most  approved  system  of  re- 
cruitment adopted  for  both  peace  and  war,  and  the 
cost  of  the  system  reduced  to  the  absolute  minimum, 
because  all  its  parts  can  be  worked  most  economi- 
cally at  the  rate  of  maximum  efficiency  both  in  peace 
and  in  war.  Therefore,  the  following  periods  of 
obligation  will  be  assumed: 

Training  School,  one  year. 

Minute  Men  Obligation,  after  completion  of 
Training  School,  three  years. 

The  output,  or  manufactured  product, 
Estimate  of  of    eaeh   regiment   of    the    Training 

School  will  be  1,750  trained  men  per 
year.  This  gives  a  total  of  5,250  trained  men  at  the 
end  of  the  third  year,  all  under  Minute  Man  Obliga- 
tion for  one  year,  one-third  of  them  for  two  years, 
and  one-third  of  them  for  three  years.  We  will  thus 
have,  at  the  end  of  three  years  5,250  trained  men 
per  regiment,  ready  for  immediate  duty,  in  addition 
to  350  men  of  the  permanent  personnel  in  each  regi- 
ment. This  number  will  be  maintained  at  all  times 
thereafter,  as  long  as  the  system  remains  in  opera- 
tion. The  results  of  this  system,  during  any  part 
of  the  fourth  year,  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 
84  regiments  of  Training  School; 

Minute  Men,  5,250  men  per  regiment 440,800 

Permanent  Personnel,  350  men  per  regiment 29,400 

Expeditionary  Force,  one  Division  on  War  Basis 20,000 

Oversea  Force,  also  on  war  basis,  two  Divisions 40,000 

Coast  Artillery  Component  of  Oversea  Force 10,000 

Total  well  trained  troops  ready  for  service 540,200 


58  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

Militia,  an  present  basis 120,000 

Training  School,  current  class  under  training 147,000 

Partially  trained  troops,  soon  available,  for  reinforcement . .     267,000 

This  provides  the  500,000  required ;  allows  40,000 
for  casualities;  and  provides  a  partially  trained 
force,  ready  to  supply  losses. 

Such  a  force  as  this  would  be,  permanently  avail- 
able, ready  for  action  as  quickly  as  any  possible 
enemy  could  be  ready,  would  not  only  insure  victory 
in  case  of  war,  but  would  be  a  practical  insurance 
against  the  possibility  of  war.  No  nation  or  com- 
bination of  nations,  would  care  to  attack  a  country 
prepared  to  meet  attack  with  such  a  formidable 
force. 

,       The    military    forces    of    the    United 

'   States  under  this  system  would  consist 
Results          * 

I.  The  Permanent  Personnel. 

(a)  Oversea    Defense,    two    divisions,    war 

basis,  and  complete  coast  artillery  com- 
ponent. 

(b)  Expeditionary  Force,  one  division,  war 

basis. 

(c)  Training  School  element,  84  regiments  or 

equivalents,  on  training  school  basis  of 
3  commissioned  officers  and  25  picked 
enlisted  men  per  company. 

II.  The  Minute  Man  Reserve. 

This  would  consist  of  all  men  who  had  com- 
pleted the  full  year  of  prescribed  training 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  59 

and  who  had  not  completed  four  years  of 
obligation.  They  would  be  on  the  legal  status 
of  Furlough,  subject  to  call  whenever  so 
authorized  by  Congress,  but  armed  and 
equipped,  ready  for  immediate  mobilization. 

III.  The  class  under  current  instruction  at  the 
Training  School. 

IV.  The  National  Guard,  which  should  be  de- 
veloped paripassu,  with  the  other  forces  of  the  coun- 
try, because  it  is  the  constitutional  check  against 
overdevelopment  of  the  regular  army  and  against 
possible  militarism. 

Making  due  allowance  for  casual- 
Actual  Jborce    ^  and  for  men  who  would  fafl  to 

Available  -,     ,  ,,.  ,, 

respond  at  once,  this  system  would 

make  immediately  available  half  a  million  well 
trained  men ;  would  place  267,000  more  on  the  fight- 
ing line  (at  least  a  quarter  of  a  million)  in  about 
three  months,  and  can  be  so  managed  as  to  establish 
adequate  recruiting  and  training  depots  from  which 
well  trained  men  can  be  constantly  supplied  to  re- 
place losses  and  maintain  the  full  strength  of  the 
fighting  line. 


CHAPTER  V. 

FINANCIAL  ESTIMATES. 

No  estimate  worthy  of  the  name  as  to 
.        te    expense  could  be  made,  until  the  size 

Necessar*    and  character  of  the  forces  to  **  con' 
y    sidered   were   determined.     Having 

reached  a  reasonable  conclusion  on  these  points,  it  is 
possible  to  estimate  the  cost.  We  need  not  consider 
the  cost  of  material,  for  no  matter  what  system  be 
adopted  that  expense  will  be  to  meet.  Most  of  the 
material  for  the  infantry  and  cavalry  elements  is 
already  in  existence,  and  a  good  part  of  the  material 
for  mobile  artillery  has  already  been  fabricated. 
Whatever  the  cost  may  be,  we  can  be  sure  that  it 
will  be  less  with  a  well  trained,  properly  organized, 
adequate  force  than  it  will  be  with  a  less  efficient 
and  less  effective  force.  We  may  now  proceed  to 
estimate  the  Financial  Problem  of  preparation  of 
the  personnel  required  for  the  National  Defense. 

From   the   foregoing  dis- 
Pay  and  Allowances  of  ^^  it  ^  fee  ]ogical  fo 

Permanent  Personnel    estjmate  f Qr  ^  pernummt 

personnel  on  the  same  basis  of  pay  and  allowances, 
as  now  established  by  law.  The  total  number  of 
enlisted  men  provided  for  above,  is  about  50,000  for 
oversea  service,  20,000  for  expeditionary  force,  and 
29,400  for  the  training  school  permanent  personnel, 
making  an  aggregate  of  99,400  men. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  61 

This  is  not  very  far  from  the  number  now  author- 
ized by  law,  and  the  appropriations  for  this  element 
will  remain  about  the  same  as  the  current  ones. 

In  order  to  provide  for  the  permanent  commis- 
sioned personnel  of  the  training  school  element, 
however,  there  will  necessarily  be  an  increase  in  the 
number  of  organizations,  and  consequently  in  the 
number  of  officers.  This  is  not  a  scheme  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  promotion,  nor  would  any  increase  of 
commissioned  officers  be  recommended,  if  it  were 
possible  to  avoid  such  recommendation.  It  is  not 
possible.  In  order  to  institute  the  system,  certain 
officers  will  be  necessary.  The  system  is  the  only 
one  possible,  to  meet  the  requirements  of  our  na- 
tional necessities,  and  therefore  the  necessary  per- 
sonnel, both  enlisted  and  commissioned,  must  be 
provided  in  order  to  put  it  into  operation. 

The  necessity  for  this  increase  in  commissioned 
personnel  will  be  apparent  in  a  broad  way,  when  it 
is  considered  that  the  task  of  training  annually 
147,000  recruits  is  to  be  added  to  all  the  present 
duties  of  the  regular  army.  How  this  great  task  is 
to  be  accomplished  with  a  very  small  increase  in 
commissioned  personnel  will  be  duly  explained  in 
its  proper  place,  and  the  feasibility  of  the  plan  will 
be  fully  apparent.  Not  one  vacancy  is  to  be  created 
for  purposes  of  promotion ;  not  a  single  officer  asked 
for  whose  services  are  not  absolutely  indispensable. 


62  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

Our  present  permanent  force  amounts 
Addition    I  to  the  equivalent  of  80  regiments.    This 

^  number  of  regiments  will  be  increased 

under  the  plan  herein  proposed,  by  placing  the  train- 
ing school  element  on  a  training  school  basis,  com- 
posed of  a  cadre  of  25  enlisted  men  per  company 
selected  for  duty  with  a  view  to  their  fitness,  and 
a  complete  personnel  of  commissioned  officers.  The 
total  number  of  regiments,  or  equivalent  bodies,  re- 
quired for  the  whole  permanent  personnel,  on  the 
basis  assumed  is  138.  This  will  require  an  increase 
in  commissioned  personnel  of  very  nearly  75  per 
cent,  and  will  be  the  only  item  in  which  the  expenses 
of  the  permanent  establishment  will  be  increased  in 
any  way. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  will  be  economies  by 
utilizing  a  better  system  of  organization,  by  decrease 
in  changes  of  station,  by  decrease  in  the  retired  list, 
and  by  more  economical  operation  of  the  whole 
system  in  a  businesslike  way,  that  will  practically 
offset  this  increase  of  expense,  leaving  the  appro- 
priations for  the  permanent  establishment  very 
nearly  the  same  as  they  now  are.  The  cost,  there- 
fore, of  the  Permanent  Personnel,  will  be  very  near- 
ly one  hundred  millions  per  year,  $100,000,000. 

The  Banker  who  employs  a  skilled 
The  Analogy    architect  and  contractor,  to  estimate 

for  the  construction  of  his  mansion 
must  rely  upon  their  technical  knowledge  and  skill 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  63 

in  the  minor  details.  It  would  be  absurd  for  the 
Banker  to  try  to  figure  out  the  number  of  carpen- 
ters, plasterers,  stonemasons,  bricklayers,  plumbers, 
and  what  not,  required  for  the  work.  Knowledge  of 
these  details  is  one  of  the  prime  essentials  of  the 
training  of  the  architect  and  of  the  contractor,  but 
it  is  not  part  of  the  Banker's  training.  Similarly, 
knowledge  of  how  many  signalmen,  how  many  in- 
fantry, cavalry,  artillery,  airmen  and  the  like,  and 
of  how  many  officers  will  be  required  to  properly 
instruct,  train  and  direct  these  workmen,  is  technical 
military  knowledge  that  should  be  within  the  scope 
of  training  of  the  expert  army  officer  (and  is  part 
of  his  training),  is  a  matter  of  daily  experience 
with  him,  but  is  not  within  the  training  or  experience 
of  the  average  citizen  or  congressman.  Here  the 
citizen  and  the  congressman  must  depend  upon  the 
integrity  and  the  judgment  of  the  trained  military 
expert. 

It  is  correct  to  say,  further,  that  some  officers 
have  had  more  training,  more  experience,  and  have 
better  judgment  than  some  other  officers.  We  can- 
not all  be  experts  in  every  line  of  military  activity. 
One  may  be  an  expert  school  man,  another  an  expert 
tactician,  another  an  expert  Surgeon  another  expert 
in  law,  and  so  on.  Comparatively  few  are  ex- 
perts in  economics,  or  give  to  that  subject  a  single 
thought ;  yet  economics  must  be  the  real  foundation 
of  any  successful  military  system.  No  system  that 


64  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

takes  large  numbers  of  young  men  from  industrial 
activity  can  secure  approval  in  our  country,  or 
would  be  successful.  No  system  that  will  finan- 
cially exhaust  the  country  can  be  successful ;  yet  the 
plan  of  General  W.  H.  Carter,  the  officer  who  had 
more  to  do  with  the  legislation  of  1901,  than  any 
other,  and  to  whom  Secretary  Root,  gave  most  of 
the  credit  for  the  "General  Staff,"  the  most  ex- 
perienced officer  alive  in  our  service  in  matters  of 
legislation  and  organization,  entirely  omits  con- 
sideration of  the  cost  of  his  plan,  dismisses  it  with 
the  brief  remark,  that  it  would  cost  more  than  the 
present  system  (Page  150,  "The  American  Army," 
by  General  W.  H.  Carter,  published  1915)  ;  and  the 
proposed  "Continental  Army  Plan"  would  bring 
the  country  face  to  face  with  either  a  heavy  increase 
of  taxes  or  a  bond  issue  for  our  descendants  to  pay, 
for  a  line  of  purely  experimental  organization,  the 
results  of  which  can  never  possibly  produce  a  well 
trained  military  force  under  any  conceivable  cir- 
cumstances. 

So,  while  the  estimate  for  National  Defense  must 
be  made  by  trained  regular  officers,  it  is  not  every 
one  of  them  who  is  capable  of  devising  a  sound 
plan,  or  even  of  appreciating  it  after  it  is  proposed 
by  some  one  else.  The  best  minds  in  the  country 
have  worked  on  this  problem,  from  General  Wash- 
ington, down  to  the  present  time.  The  final  result, 
a  plan  that  will  really  work,  must  be  from  a  special 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  65 

student  of  organization;  and  if  he  should  fail  to 
present  a  perfect  plan  it  will  be  no  discredit  to  be 
listed  in  the  same  category  as  Washington,  Grant, 
Upton,  Root  and  Carter. 

Before  we  can  make  a  rational  estimate 
of  the  cost  of  the  transient  personnel  two 

1  TO  71  W  P'Yt  t 

'  things  must  be  determined;  the  number 
Personnel  ,    T         .  -,        ,  , ,  „  ml 

to  be  paid,  and  the  rate  of  pay.    The  rest 

is  merely  a  question  of  arithmetic.  We  have  the 
data  as  to  numbers  in  the  foregoing  discussion.  It 
remains  to  consider  what  pay  shall  be  allotted  to  this 
element  of  the  National  Defense,  and  what  allow- 
ances they  shall  receive. 

It  is  proposed  to  finance  this  element 
Theory  or  the         ,,     ,/         ,,          .v,  .      . 

1MT    **  on        theory  that  military  service  in 

time  of  war,  and  the  necessary  prepa- 

OUigation  ,.        n  .     L-          n 

ration  for  that  service  in  time  of 

peace,  are  an  obligation  of  citizenship,  due  to  the 
nation  from  every  able-bodied  citizen,  and  for  the 
discharge  of  which  duty  he  is  not  entitled  to  one 
cent  of  pay.  The  moment  this  theory  is  adopted 
the  Nation  can  adopt  a  system  that  will  not  compete 
with  industrial  activities,  and  will  not  bankrupt  the 
country  when  war  comes,  at  the  time  when  of  all 
others  its  financial  resources  must  be  conserved  and 
safeguarded  in  order  that  the  nation  may  live. 

The  adoption  of  this  idea,  how- 
Application  of  the  -,  *,  -,  ,, 

ever,  need  not  exclude  the  use 
Volunteer  System  n  -,.  n 

of     volunteers,    nor    radically 

alter  our  methods  of  securing  adequate  enrollment. 


66  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

In  our  country,  only  a  relatively  small  force,  com- 
pared to  the  total  population,  will  ever  be  needed, 
even  in  a  great  war,  if  that  force  be  properly  trained 
in  advance.  There  is  a  solution  of  the  problem  that 
permits  a  happy  application  of  the  principle  of  vol- 
untary military  service  from  patriotic  motives,  while 
yet  asserting  legally  the  doctrine  of  military  obliga- 
tion, and  making  all  necessary  arrangements  for  the 
application  of  that  idea,  when  such  application  is 
necessary.  That  such  a  provision  for  obligatory 
service  is  necessary  in  time  of  war,  has  been  proved 
in  every  war  in  our  history;  and  the  necessary  ma- 
chinery must  be  provided  for  in  time  of  peace  to 
enforce  military  sendee  whenever  that  may  be  nec- 
essary. 

Compulsory  Peace  If  the  nation  reserves  and  en- 
Training  Necessary  forces  the  right  to  use  the 
for  Adequate  draft  in  time  of  war,  it  must 

Preparedness  also  reserve  and,  if  necessary, 

enforce  compulsory  military  training  in  time  of 
peace,  in  order  to  have  available  competent  person- 
nel in  time  of  war.  Modern  conditions  require  ade- 
quate preliminary  military  training  before  war  be- 
gins. To  send  absolutely  untrained  men  up  against 
trained  soldiers,  under  present  conditions,  is  an  un- 
speakable crime,  entailing  useless  and  horrible  butch- 
ery. Adequate  preliminary  training  of  a  sufficient 
number  for  insurance  against  war,  a  sufficient  num- 
ber to  prevent  rapid  conquest  of  large  areas  of  our 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  67 

territory  by  a  better  prepared  enemy,  is  a  necessity 
of  the  present  world  conditions  and  environment  of 
our  country.  Surely  no  argument  is  necessary  on 
this  subject.  It  should  be  sufficient  to  point  to 
Belgium  and  France;  to  merely  mention  August, 
1914.  And  if  a  sufficient  number  of  citizens  will 
not  take  such  preliminary  training  of  their  own 
accord,  upon  the  assurance  of  the  law  that  they  will 
not  be  called  upon  for  war  service,  except  for  the 
National  Defense,  there  is  nothing  left  for  the  na- 
tion but  to  assert  and  enforce  its  undoubted  right 
to  require  such  training  of  an  adequate  number  in 
a  fair  and  impartial  manner. 

So  our  country  must  assert  its 
Combination  of  .  i  ,  ,,  .v,  .  <* 

_  right  to  the  military  services  oi 
Compulsory  and  .,  ...  .  , .  /.  , 

rr  ,  r  its  citizens  in  time  oi  war,  and 

volunt arii  &  ervice  ,  ,,  .  ..... 

to  their  proper  training  in  time 

of  peace  for  that  duty;  at  least  to  the  proper  train- 
ing of  the  half  million  necessary  to  insure  our 
country  against  the  fate  of  Belgium.  In  doing  so, 
however,  there  can  be  no  objection  to  calling  to  the 
Colors  first  those  who  desire  to  voluntarily  discharge 
this  duty,  nor  to  offering  a  reasonable  inducement 
to  these  volunteers.  If  a  citizen  voluntarily  offers 
himself  not  only  for  service  in  time  of  war,  but  also 
to  take  the  personal  training  in  time  of  peace  that 
will  fit  him  to  be  useful  in  time  of  war,  that  citizen 
certainly  merits  more  at  the  hands  of  his  country, 
than  the  one  who  fails  to  defend  her,  or  refuses  to 


68  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

take  such  training,  and  compels  her  to  resort  to 
force  to  compel  him  to  unwillingly  discharge  his 
duty. 

A  system  that  would  give  preference  to  the  patri- 
otic volunteer,  without  inflicting  any  hardship  upon 
the  citizen  who  does  not  volunteer,  would  therefore 
commend  itself  to  all  right  thinking  people. 

Such  a  system  would  be  to  offer  a 
inducements  ,  i    .    -,  ,  «         i 

f      _._  ,  reasonable  inducement  lor  voluntary 

for  Volunteers        v     ,.  ,,  ,. 

applications  to  take  the  peace  time 

training,  with  its  obligation  to  three  years  of  Minute 
Man  readiness,  and  to  draft  the  balance  necessary 
from  those  who  do  not  volunteer,  but  without  the 
same  inducement.  If  the  inducement  secured  an 
adequate  number  of  volunteers  there  would  be  no 
draft  ;  but  if  it  failed  to  do  so  enough  men  of  mili- 
tary age  would  be  drafted  to  secure  the  necessary 
number.  The  method  of  applying  this  idea  is  re- 
served for  later  discussion,  but  the  amount  of  the 
obligation  and  of  the  inducement  should  be  proposed 
here  in  order  to  furnish  a  basis  for  financial  estimates 
for  the  Transient  Personnel. 

.  The  obligation,  in  point  of 

Obligation  and  ^      should  coyer  f  om. 


Status  _  of  in  Qrder  to          ide  for  the 

Transtent  Personnel    mQst  economical  and  effective 


system  of  training.  Of  this  period  the  first  year 
would  be  devoted  to  military  and  vocational  instruc- 
tion and  training  and  this  is  the  only  period,  ex- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  69 

cept  in  time  of  actual  war,  when  the  volunteer 
would  be  separated  from  civil  pursuits.  This  year 
can  be  arranged  at  a  time  in  a  man's  life  when  the 
interruption  will  be  minimum,  and  the  training  can 
be  arranged  in  many  cases  to  be  vocational  training 
which  will  be  of  direct  advantage  to  the  man  in 
civil  life.  In  all  cases  military  training  is  distinctly 
beneficial,  both  physically  and  morally,  to  every 
man  who  takes  it,  making  him  a  better  man  in  health, 
physique  and  personal  hygiene,  a  better  man  mor- 
ally and  intellectually,  than  he  would  have  been 
without  it. 

It  is  not  asserted  that  every  man  who  receives 
military  training  is  a  better  man  than  every  man 
who  does  not,  but  it  is  a  fact  that  every  man  who 
takes  it  is  a  better  man  all  the  days  of  his  life,  physi- 
cally, morally  and  mentally,  than  he  would  have  been 
without  it.  The  military  art  embraces  all  other 
arts,  and  military  training  calls  for  experts  in  all 
departments  of  human  activity.  Young  men  who 
desire  to  fit  themselves  for  any  trade  or  profession 
can  find  in  the  army  an  opportunity  to  learn  prac- 
tically the  work  of  that  trade  or  that  profession, 
and  there  is  no  reason  why  we  should  not  take  eco- 
nomic advantage  of  this  fact  by  assigning  volun- 
teers to  those  places  in  the  military  machine  where 
they  will  receive  instruction  as  far  as  possible  in  the 
very  trade  or  profession  which  they  intend  to  prac- 
tice in  civil  life  after  their  year  of  training.  This 


70  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

can  be  made  part  of  the  inducement  to  suitable  men 
to  take  their  year  of  military  training,  and  should 
be  made  a  strong  inducement  to  them  in  any  ra- 
tional scheme  for  such  training. 

During  the  other  three  years,  the  man's  status 
would  be  that  of  military  furlough,  without  pay  or 
allowances,  except  as  will  be  stated  in  the  next 
paragraph  of  this  discussion.  Furlough  is  a  defi- 
nite military  status,  which  holds  the  man  ready  to 
obey  orders  at  a  moment's  notice,  yet  leaves  him 
free  to  go  where  he  pleases,  and  do  wrhat  he  likes 
until  the  call  is  made.  We  are  planning  for  Na- 
tional Defense,  not  aggression ;  and  in  the  law  which 
will  be  necessary  to  put  this  plan  into  operation 
it  can  be  provided  that  these  "Minute  Men"  shall 
not  be  called  upon,  except  in  case  of  special  authori- 
zation by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States.  This 
will  insure  them  against  unnecessary  interruptions 
of  their  activities  in  civil  life  during  this  three  years 
of  Minute  Man  obligation,  and  will  yet  maintain 
them  in  a  status  of  readiness  for  immediate  service 
in  case  of  real  necessity.  They  would  be  available 
upon  proclamation  of  the  President,  pursuant  to 
authorization  by  Congress  to  issue  such  a  call. 

The  financial  inducement  proposed  is  a 
n  y    net  bounty  of  one  hundred  dollars   per 
year,  to  be  paid  to  the  volunteer  upon  the  expira- 
tion of  each  year  of  his  services.    His  food,  clothing, 
equipment,  traveling  expenses  and  care  in  case  of 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  71 

sickness  in  line  of  duty,  are  legitimate  public  ex- 
penses in  any  case,  whether  he  be  volunteer  or  a 
drafted  man;  but  the  drafted  man  has  no  claim  to 
bounty.  Neither  of  them  has  any  claim  to  pay,  as 
the  military  duty  is  to  be  performed  as  a  public 
obligation,  just  the  same  as  a  poll  tax. 

The  theory  on  which  any  cash  bounty 
Th*  Theory  can  be  offered  rests  on  the  idea  that 

of  Bounties       •  ,  •     i     * 

since  comparatively  few  men  are  re- 
quired it  is  better  to  utilize  the  services  of  those  who 
are  willing  to  perform  the  duty  voluntarily  than  to 
make  haphazard  selection  by  the  draft;  and  since 
the  voluntary  service  of  these  men  exempts  an  equal 
number  of  others,  it  is  no  more  than  just  and  right 
that  those  exempted  should  make  some  cash  return 
to  those  who  serve  voluntarily. 

It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  amount  proposed 
is  adequate.  There  is  no  fixed  principle  involved  in 
the  estimate  of  $100  per  year.  Any  other  amount, 
so  long  as  it  is  strictly  accounted  an  equivalent  ren- 
dered by  those  who  do  not  serve  to  those  who  do 
serve  voluntarily,  would  comply  equally  with  all  the 
ethical  and  logical  conditions  of  the  problem,  pro- 
vided the  desired  result  be  secured.  The  principle 
is  that  the  nation  needs  a  certain  number  of  trained 
men,  has  a  right  to  call  for  them,  and  that  those 
who  are  not  willing  to  do  their  share  in  person  ought 
to  pay  a  proper  cash  indemnity  to  those  who  relieve 
them  of  doing  their  personal  share  of  this  duty. 


72  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

This  is  a  matter  of  principle ;  the  amount  to  be  paid 
js  a  matter  of  expediency  and  of  convenience. 

It  is  set  forth  as  a  principle  that  every  citizen 
owes  to  his  country  the  duty  of  defense  in  time  of 
danger.  It  is  a  principle  that  every  man  should 
be  so  trained  that  his  personal  service  will  be  effi- 
cient. It  is  a  fact  that  this  training  must  be  given 
in  time  of  peace,  in  order  to  make  it  adequately 
effective,  under  modern  conditions  of  warfare.  It 
is  a  principle  that  the  man  who  is  exempted  by  the 
law  from  rendering  this  personal  service  in  time  of 
war,  or  taking  the  necessary  training  in  time  of 
peace  to  be  effective  in  time  of  war,  should  con- 
tribute an  equivalent  in  cash  for  the  benefit  of  the 
man  who  takes  his  place  and  thereby  enables  the 
exempt  citizen  to  exercise  his  free  choice  in  the 
matter. 

The  exact  amount  will  be  fixed  by  the  law  of 
supply  and  demand,  like  the  pay  for  all  other  per- 
sonal services ;  for  every  man  who  volunteers  to  take 
the  necessary  training  in  time  of  peace,  and  to  stand 
ready  for  war  service  during  a  period  of  three  years 
after  completion  of  his  training  period,  will  be  ren- 
dering a  personal  service  to  every  man  who  does 
not  so  volunteer.  This  service  consists  in  assuming 
a  part  of  the  moral  and  legal  obligations  of  the  non- 
volunteer,  and  of  rendering  a  personal  service  to 
the  nation  that  the  non-volunteer  is  morally  and 
legally  bound  to  render,  unless  this  man  volunteers, 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  73 

all  of  which  the  volunteer  assumes  in  addition  to  his 
own  share  of  the  military  duty,  which  is  the  same  as 
that  incumbent  upon  every  other  citizen. 

Understanding,  then,  that  the  amount  to  be  paid 
as  a  bounty  to  the  volunteer  is  open  to  discussion, 
it  is  thought  that  $100  per  year,  taken  with  the  other 
inducements,  will  be  enough  for  the  purpose. 

The  volunteer  for  this  training  has 

no  necessary  expenses  incident  to  the 
near  enough?    -,   ,        m, 

duty.     I  he  necessary  expenses  are  a 

charge  on  the  government.  His  age  must  be  taken 
into  consideration.  It  is  very  desirable  to  secure 
young  men  for  this  training;  from  19  to  23  years 
of  age.  The  earlier  in  life  this  military  obligation 
is  discharged  the  better,  in  order  that  men  may  be 
free  to  assume  civic  obligations  that  might  be  broken 
up  by  military  service.  It  is  desirable  to  enroll 
recruits  while  they  are  still  young  enough  to  be 
plastic  in  mind  and  body.  After  a  man  passes  25 
years  of  age  something  of  the  plasticity  of  youth 
is  usually  lost.  Military  training  is  infinitely  more 
beneficial  to  the  young  man  than  to  one  of  middle 
age. 

The  class  sought,  therefore,  is  the  young  high 
school  graduate,  the  recent  college  graduate,  the 
young  mechanic  of  about  the  same  age.  For  the 
young  high  school  graduate  who  lacks  the  financial 
resources  to  enter  college  a  guarantee  of  $100  per 
year  would  mean  a  college  education,  if  he  is  worth 


74  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

his  salt.  To  the  recent  graduate  of  college,  without 
the  funds  with  which  to  begin  a  professional  career, 
a  guarantee  of  $100  per  year  would  mean  financial 
independence.  The  young  farmer  or  mechanic  who 
had  $100  per  year  for  three  years  in  sight  would 
have  a  very  great  advantage  in  his  first  three  lean 
years.  To  all  these  classes  such  a  proposition  would 
appeal  very  strongly,  and  the  number  included  in 
these  classes  is  enormous.  As  a  matter  of  expe- 
diency it  would  probably  be  better  to  pay  it  in  a 
lump  sum  at  the  end  of  each  year. 

It  is  believed  that  the  sum  pro- 
Allowance  for  ,          -, ,  ,        , 

'  posed  would  be  adequate  to  se- 

*  y     cure  as  many  volunteers  for  the 

training  as  would  be  necessary.  Possibly  it  would 
be  advisable  to  also  make  a  small  allowance  weekly 
for  pocket  money  while  with  the  colors ;  say  a  dollar 
a  week.  This  would  be  a  trifling  addition  to  the 
expense,  and  would  greatly  promote  contentment 
among  the  men. 

In  addition  to  the  general  training 

and  to  the  vocational  training  in 
Inducement  -.  ,  ,,  , 

many  cases,  and  to  the  bounty  pro- 
posed, there  is  one  more  inducement  that  should  be 
held  out  for  voluntary  service.  There  will  be  many 
officers  to  appoint,  both  in  time  of  peace  and  in  war. 
It  should  be  a  fundamental  rule  that  no  drafted  man 
should  be  eligible  to  any  such  appointment,  whether 
it  be  to  the  commissioned  rank  or  only  to  the  tempor- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  75 

ary  duty  of  an  acting  lance  corporal.  The  man 
who  has  to  be  forced  to  perform  his  military  duty 
should  never  be  placed  in  a  position  of  authority 
above  the  one  who  voluntarily  assumed  his  military 
obligation.  Eligibility  to  promotion,  opportunity 
to  win  rank  and  command,  would  be  therefore 
added  as  a  powerful  incentive  to  every  young  man 
to  come  forward  and  offer  to  take  the  proper  train- 
ing that  would  fit  him  for  military  duty.  These 
inducements  would  probably  result  in  more  than 
the  required  number  of  voluntary  applications, 
which  would  be  only  147,000  per  year  in  our  great 
country.  That  year  would  be  better  than  one  year 
of  ordinary  college  training  for  every  young  man, 
and  would  be  passed  at  a  time  in  life  when  every 
young  man  craves  novelty,  adventure,  and  a  chance 
to  see  the  world.  If  these  inducements  should  fail 
to  produce  the  full  number  required,  then  it  would 
be  necessary  to  exert  the  full  power  of  the  govern- 
ment to  secure  the  additional  number  required. 

,,    , .  As  it  is  necessary  that  the  funda- 

Machinery  for  ,  .     .  .  .      „  \. 

A      7.     ,.  mental  right  01  the  nation  to  re- 

Apphcation  .  f 

ff,  quire  military  service  01  all  its  citi- 

of  the  system  ...      J  - 

zens  in  time  of  war  shall  be  reas- 
serted, and  as  this  carries  with  it  the  right  to  require 
them  to  take  the  indispensable  personal  training 
in  time  of  peace,  so  the  means  should  be  provided 
to  make  this  provision  of  the  plan  real  and  effective. 
It  is  necessary  that  the  machinery  for  enforcement 


76  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

of  this  phase  of  the  law  shall  be  provided  in  time 
of  peace,  that  it  be  tested  by  actual  operation,  that 
the  people  become  accustomed  to  its  operation. 
From  this  point  of  view  it  is  rather  desirable  than 
otherwise  that  the  number  of  applicants  for  volun- 
tary training  should  fall  somewhat  short  of  147,000, 
in  order  that  the  other  provisions  of  the  law,  effec- 
tive only  upon  such  shortage,  may  become  effective 
in  time  of  peace,  and  the  machinery  operated  for 
practice  before  war  is  upon  us. 

Therefore,  in  case  there  be  not  enough 
~  ™  applicants  who  can  pass  the  physical 

requirements  to  fill  up  the  annual 
quota  of  147,000  for  any  year,  resort  should  be  had 
to  compulsory  service  of  a  sufficient  number  to  com- 
plete the  annual  quota.  For  this  purpose  complete 
lists  of  all  men  of  military  age  should  be  estab- 
lished, card  indexed,  and  provisions  made  by  which 
immediately  after  closing  the  list  of  voluntary 
applicants,  say  one  month  before  the  beginning  of 
the  year  of  military  training,  the  required  number 
should  be  selected  by  the  best  practicable  system, 
notified  when  and  where  to  report  for  duty,  and 
compelled  to  obey  the  notice.  There  would  be, 
however,  this  difference;  those  thus  drafted  for 
service  would  not  become  eligible  for  any  promo- 
tion during  their  four  years  of  obligatory  service, 
nor  would  they  receive  any  of  the  bounty  which 
would  be  paid  to  the  men  who  take  the  training 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  77 

voluntarily,  nor  should  any  drafted  man  be  ever 

eligible  to  receive  a  dollar  of  pension  in  case  of 

injury. 

This  provision  of  the  law  should 
be  rigid.     In  this  provision  lies 

No  Bounty,  ^  bindin    force>  the  "Sanction" 

of  the  law,  which  will  make  it 
No  Pension,  effective.     This  provision  is  the 

for  Drafted  Men  tangjble  assertion  of  the  right  of 

the  Nation  to  live,  its  right  to  self  defense  in  order 
that  it  may  live.  This  provision  of  the  law  will  in- 
sure that  each  annual  quota  will  be  full.  It  will 
forever  put  an  end  to  anarchy  and  twaddle  about 
"peace  at  any  price,"  "horrors  of  war,"  benefits  of 
"pacifism,"  and  all  the  other  milksop,  mollycoddle 
nonsense  that  has  been  so  much  preached  in  our 
country  in  the  last  few  years.  If  this  plan  were  of 
possible  use  for  aggression  against  any  other 
country  there  might  be  some  objection  to  it;  but 
its  very  foundation  is  in  self  defense,  its  antithesis 
is  aggression.  It  is  hedged  about  by  the  provision 
that  these  Minute  Men  cannot  be  called  out  without 
the  sanction  of  Congress,  by  whom  they  can  be 
called  out  anyway,  whether  or  not.  Its  only  object 
is  to  make  these  men  effective  and  efficient  for  na- 
tional defense,  and  for  no  other  purpose.  Any 
person  who  opposes  adequate  provision  for  that  is 
a  traitor,  unworthy  to  live  in  our  country  and  enjoy 
the  benefits  of  its  institutions.  There  may  be  dis- 


78  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

agreement  as  to  what  preparation  is  required  and 
necessary.  Those  who  are  without  military  train- 
ing and  who  oppose  this  plan  may  justify  their 
opposition  by  their  ignorance;  but  even  they  can 
only  maintain  that  some  other  plan  is,  in  their 
opinion,  better.  No  patriot,  no  loyal  citizen,  no 
sane  and  honest  person,  will  dispute  that  adequate 
and  proper  provisions  should  be  made  for  the  na- 
tional defense.  It  is  for  those  who  oppose  this 
plan  to  propose  a  better  one  ;  and  when  they  do  so 
the  author  will  be  for  it. 

Assuming  this  as  a  working 
Cost  of  Transient       ^^  ^  fte  ^  Qne  prac. 

Personnel,  ticable  under  the  p  r  e  s  e  n  t 

$58,800,000  per  year     mc&l    ^^xL    of    the 


United  States,  we  are  now  able  to  make  an  intelli- 
gent estimate  of  the  cost  of  the  Transient  Person- 
nel for  the  National  Defense.  Our  discussion  calls 
for  the  equivalent  of  84  regiments  in  the  training 
school  for  Minute  Men,  each  of  which  is  to  instruct 
1750  Minute  Men  annually,  and  these  Minute  Men 
are  to  assume  the  military  obligation  of  standing 
ready  for  a  period  of  three  years  after  the  comple- 
tion of  their  instruction  in  the  training  school.  As- 
suming that  there  are  enough  voluntary  applica- 
tions, so  that  every  Minute  Man  will  receive  the 
bounty,  and  that  there  are  no  discharges,  we  reach 
the  maximum  number  at  the  end  of  the  4th  year, 
which  is  441,000  Minute  Men  standing  ready,  and 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  79 

147,000  in  the  then  current  class  under  instruction. 
With  the  beginning  of  the  5th  year  one  entire  class 
of  Minute  Men  will  be  discharged  from  their  obliga- 
tion, and  from  that  time  on  there  will  be  always 
588,000  men  drawing  the  bounty  of  $100  per  man 
per  year;  a  total  of  $58,800,000,  per  year. 

This  amount  will  be  in  addition  to  the  present 
appropriations  made  for  military  expenses,  and  in 
return  for  this  money,  if  this  plan  be  adopted  for 
the  National  Defense,  there  will  always  be  available 
for  instant  service  the  following  trained  forces: 

Two  Divisions  Oversea  Forces   40,000 

One  Division,  Expeditionary  Force 20,000 

Trained  and     Oversea  Coast  Artillery  Component  10,000 

Ready.  Minute  Men,  Trained  and  Equipped 441,000 


Partially 
Trained  for 
Reinforce- 
ments. 


Trained  Total  511,000 

Minute  Men,  partially  trained,  fully  equipped, 
stiffened  by  25  selected  old  soldiers  per 
company,  with  picked  officers  168,000 

National  Guard,  as  at  present  organized 120,000 


Total  reinforcement  288,000 


Aggregate   799,000 

And  the  total  cost  of  this  huge  force,  which 
would  forever  guarantee  the  peace  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere,  would  be  only  fifty-nine  million  dol- 
lars per  year  more  than  we  are  paying  for  our 
present  imbecility. 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  compare  this 

p  ,         plan  with  other  plans  that  have  been 

proposed.     A  scheme  has  been  made 

public,    the   fundamental   feature   of   which   is   a 


80  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

"Continental  Army."  This  plan  proposes  some 
such  idea  as  a  regiment  to  each  congressional  dis- 
trict; about  400  regiments  or  equivalent  if  carried 
out  on  that  basis.  The  cost  has  been  omitted  from 
published  estimates.  If  these  men  are  to  be  paid 
on  the  same  basis  as  the  present  army  such  a  force 
would  cost  eight  hundred  million  dollars  per  year. 
It  is  proposed  to  give  these  "Continentals"  two 
months  training  per  year,  presumably  under  can- 
vas, the  most  expensive  shelter  ever  devised  for 
troops.  If  paid  for  only  the  actual  time  under 
training  under  this  scheme  at  the  same  rate  as  the 
present  regular  army  schedule,  the  cost  would  be 
one  sixth  of  eight  hundred  millions,  or  $133,333,333 
per  year  in  addition  to  present  appropriations. 
This  is  more  than  twice  as  much  as  the  foregoing 
plan  would  cost.  If  we  count  the  two  months 
casual  training  that  would  be  possible  under  the 
proposed  "Continental"  system  as  of  value  equal 
to  the  solid  and  thorough  training  above  proposed 
in  this  plan,  the  "Continentals"  would  receive 
only  six  months  training  in  three  years,  or  only 
half  as  much  training,  in  three  widely  separ- 
ated periods  of  two  months  each.  The  "Con- 
tinentals" would  have  to  be  mobilized  and  de- 
mobilized three  times  to  get  one  half  as  many 
days  of  instruction.  When  we  come  to  plans  for 
mobilization,  which  imply  sound  organization,  we 
shall  see  that  the  plan  herein  proposed  is  capable  of 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  81 

being  effective  because  it  is  sound  and  correct.  No 
military  man  who  considers  the  "Continental"  plan 
from  a  purely  military  standpoint  can  honestly  say 
that  the  proposed  training  would  be  of  any  real 
value,  or  the  system  capable  of  effective  use  in  the 
first  six  months  of  a  real  year. 

General  W.  H.  Carter  has  proposed  a  plan  based 
on  the  Congressional  Districts  in  his  last  work, 
The  American  Army,  recently  published.  In 
many  respects  General  Carter's  plan  shows  logical 
thought  and  wide  information;  but  on  three  vital 
points  it  utterly  fails.  These  vital  points  are: 

1.  Complete  failure  to  estimate  the  cost.     Gen- 
eral Carter  dismisses  this  element  of  the  subject 
with  a  dozen  words,  and  without  a  single  estimate  of 
expenses. 

2.  We    find   no    indication    of    how   men    are 
to  be  supplied  for  his  proposed  volunteer  army. 
The  National  Guard  has  reached  its  possible  with- 
out federal  pay;    patriotism,  unsupported,  can  do 
no  more.     It  is  not  apparent  in  what  manner  the 
federal   volunteers    outlined   in    General    Carter's 
scheme  are  to  be  obtained  in  time  of  peace,  nor  how 
they  are  to  be  paid,  nor  how  much.     Without  ade- 
quate provision  on  these  points  no  plan  whatever 
is  practicable. 

3.  We  look  in  vain  in  "The  American  Army" 
for  any  system  of  organization  on  practical  lines 
which  would  be  ready  for  immediate  use;  it  might 


82  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

be  possible  to  organize  these  "Federal  Volunteers1' 
if  we  were  to  have  as  much  time  as  President 
Lincoln ;  but  this  possibility  is  vetoed  by  the  events 
of  August,  1914. 

With  so  many  vital  defects,  no  plan,  however 
illustrious  its  author,  measures  up  to  the  national 
requirements.  The  proposal  of  the  Secretary  of 
War  in  1914,  to  merely  add  about  25,000  men  and 
a  thousand  officers  to  the  regular  army,  is  ludicrous. 
No  well  informed  military  man  would  give  such  a 
proposal  a  second  thought  with  the  problem  of 
real  National  Defense  under  consideration. 

SUMMARY  OF  ESTIMATES: 

1.  Men. 

Trained,  Organized  and  equipped,  ready  at  once  . . .   511,000 

National  Guards,  available  for  reinforcements  120,000 

Personnel  for  Training  School  Depot 168,000 


Aggregate    799,000 

Cost. 

Permanent  Personnel,  per  year $100,000,000 

Transient  Personnel,  per  year 59,000,000 

These  estimates  apply  both  in  time  of  war  and 
in  time  of  peace. 


Total  cost  of  complete  preparedness 

(personnel)   $159,000,000 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  ALTERNATIVE. 

One  is  a  sufficient  increase  of  the 
p  .,.,.  .  regular  army  to  meet  any  possible 
emergency.  This  would  require  a 
standing  army  of  a  half  million  men,  and  would 
cost  $5,000,000,000  per  year.  .  It  would  take  at  least 
ten  years  to  develop  such  an  army,  if  Congress  were 
to  enact  the  necessary  legislation  this  coming  ses- 
sion, if  we  are  to  go  along  the  present  lines  of  in- 
efficiency from  the  standpoint  of  National  Defense. 
Nothing  more  need  be  said.  The  thing  is  not  only 
impossible ;  it  is  undesirable.  It  would  be  not  only 
a  crime  against  the  industries  and  institutions  of 
our  country,  but  also  a  blunder  of  the  worst  sort. 

The  other  possibility  is  the  development  of  the 
militia  to  such  a  state  of  numbers  and  efficiency 
that  it  will  supply  the  needs  of  the  National  De- 
fense. There  are  insuperable  objections  to  this 
alternative. 

In  the  first  place,  the  constitutional  function  of 
the  militia  is  that  of  a  state  force,  available  for  only 
three  possible  contingencies  for  national  use.  To 
make  it  available  for  oversea  or  expeditionary  use 
an  amendment  to  the  constitution  would  be  neces- 
sary. Tinkering  with  that  charter  of  human 
liberty  might  be  excused  if  there  were  the  least 


84  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

necessity  for  it;  but  ample  authority  is  given  to 
Congress  by  the  constitution  under  the  general  war, 
power  to  levy  and  maintain  armies,  and  there  is  no 
occasion  to  tinker  with  the  constitution.  All  that  is 
necessary  is  for  Congress  to  exercise  its  proper 
power  in  relation  to  this  subject.  Tinkering  with 
the  constitution,  in  addition  to  being  dangerous  to 
American  institutions,  is  also  a  slow  business;  and 
if  the  national  security  depends  upon  such  an 
amendment  as  that  there  is  little  probability  that 
national  defense  will  be  attended  to  in  time  to  ward 
off  or  meet  the  approaching  danger. 

In  the  second  place,  the  militia  is  not,  and  from 
its  very  nature,  cannot  be  made  a  suitable  force  for 
national  defense  or  for  offensive  use.  It  has  never 
yet  developed  its  own  personnel  to  anything  like 
"Minute  Man"  efficiency  and  has  never  given  any 
reason  to  believe  that  it  can  do  so.  It  must  inevit- 
ably undergo  a  federalizing  reorganization  in  case 
of  war,  eliminate  the  unfit,  and  recruit  with  green 
men  to  war  strength.  This  is  a  permanent  condi- 
tion with  all  militia  organizations,  cannot  be  re- 
moved by  legislation,  and  will  forever  prevent  the 
militia,  as  a  body,  from  ever  attaining  such  stand- 
ards as  would  qualify  it  for  immediate  duty  against 
well  trained  troops  in  case  of  war.  There  are  in- 
dividual exceptions,  of  course;  Moriarity's  regi- 
ment was  fit  in  1898,  and  went  instantly,  as  it  stood ; 
but  the  71st  New  York  also  went  as  it  stood,  and 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  85 

took  the  place  that  should  have  been  taken  by  effec- 
tive troops ;  and  the  7th  New  York,  with  its  years  of 
boasting  about  its  readiness  and  efficiency,  did  not 
go  at  all — refused  to  go,  just  as  New  York  militia 
refused  to  go  to  Queenstown.  There  is  no  way  of 
overcoming  this  defect,  which  is  inherent  in  the  mili- 
tia system.  We  cannot  build  the  defense  of  our 
country  safely  out  of  such  material ;  thighs  of  brass 
and  feet  of  clay.  We  must  have  homogeneous  ma- 
terial, and  all  of  it  trained  to  a  high  degree  of  excel- 
lence, when  we  come  to  our  death  grapple  of  Liege 
or  the  Marne. 

Another  vital  objection  to  the  militia  system  is 
financial.  We  would  have  48  different  states 
spending  money  to  be  repaid  from  the  Federal 
Treasury,  without  a  check  during  the  period  of 
organization.  If  all  other  defects  could  be  over- 
come, this  one  alone  would  prohibit  the  use  of  state 
troops  in  time  of  war.  It  bankrupted  the  country 
in  the  War  of  the  Revolution ;  strained  its  resources 
to  the  elastic  limit  in  1814-15;  bankrupted  the  na- 
tion again  in  1863;  and  imposed  hundreds  of  mil- 
lions of  unnecessary  expense  in  1898.  Why  not 
learn  from  the  School  of  Experience? 

To  increase  the  regular  army  to  a  half  million 
would  be  impossible  in  time  of  peace  without  con- 
scription; and  the  American  people  will  not  sub- 
mit to  conscription  except  as  a  last  resort.  If  the 
thing  could  be  done  it  would  withdraw  that  many 


86  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

men  from  the  productive  activity  in  the  industries 
of  the  country,  and  would  establish  a  military  caste 
which  would  mark  the  beginning  of  the  "Decline 
and  Fall"  of  republican  America. 

To  attract  half  a  million  to  the  militia  service 
would  be  equally  impossible,  and  would  be  open  to 
the  objection  that  it  would  organize  a  politico-mili- 
tary clique  in  politics  that  would  be  even  more 
dangerous  to  free  institutions  than  a  regular  estab- 
lishment which  cannot  vote.  It  is  with  the  very 
greatest  difficulty  now  that  militia  organizations 
maintain  a  strength  sufficient  to  draw  their  federal 
pay.  To  increase  their  enrollment  very  much 
would  be  an  impossibility. 

No.  All  these  alternatives  are  futile.  None  of 
them  can  succeed.  Like  every  problem,  there  is  one 
correct  solution ;  and  the  one  herein  proposed  is  the 
correct  solution  of  the  problem  of  National  De- 
fense. The  one  reason  in  its  favor  that  outweighs 
all  others  is  that  it  will  work.  The  one  reason 
against  all  the  others  that  is  decisive  is  that  they  will 
not  work;  none  of  them  will  work. 

Under  this  plan  the  permanent  personnel  will 
become  a  productive  body.  The  regular  army  will 
become  a  well  regulated  factory,  in  which  will  be 
elaborated  the  units  of  National  Defense.  Hav- 
ing a  definite,  tangible  object  to  accomplish,  it  will 
be  systematically  organized  to  do  that  work  in  the 
most  economical  manner.  Its  product  will  be  Na- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  87 

tional  Security,  guaranteed  by  the  trained  men 
turned  out  from  this  factory  ready  to  command  this 
security  by  force  against  any  aggressor.  It  will 
not  withdraw  a  man  from  productive  activity,  but 
will  educate  147,000  young  men  each  year  for 
greater  economic  value  in  a  training  school,  with- 
out an  equal,  and  return  them  at  once  to  productive 
industries  with  their  practical  value  greatly  in- 
creased. This  factory  of  national  security  will 
produce  trained  men  for  that  purpose,  and  will 
maintain  an  adequate  number  always  in  a  state  of 
satisfactory  training.  This  has  never  yet  been  done 
by  any  system  in  our  country,  and  cannot  be  done 
by  any  other  system  that  has  ever  been  proposed. 

TT  The  discussion  has  thus  far  related, 

How  these  .                                   .       .               ' 

^      ,         .,,  primarily  to  the  financial  side  of  the 

Kesuits  will  •, ,               . 

,    7  problem.    Estimates  of  numbers  and 

be  reached  % 

details  of  methods  have  been  given 

only  to  enable  us  to  reach  a  sound  conclusion  as  to 
the  necessary  cost.  In  that  connection  it  was  not 
practicable  to  discuss  methods  of  organization  or 
training,  or  to  explain  in  detail  how  the  different 
elements  of  the  proposed  training  school  would  be 
distributed  to  accomplish  the  results  desired. 

A  contractor,  however,  would  go  into  details  in 
his  estimates.  He  would  determine  how  many 
bricklayers,  stonemasons,  carpenters,  painters,  ex- 
perts and  unskilled  laborers,  would  be  required  for 
his  contract.  In  the  same  way  this  discussion 


88  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

should  show  the  organization,  subdivision,  main- 
tenance and  operation,  of  the  forces  proposed; 
how  many  men  would  be  assigned  to  each  element, 
as  infantry,  cavalry,  machine  guns,  mobile  artillery- 
men, coast  defense,  special  units,  etc.;  how  the 
147,000  members  of  the  annual  class  of  Minute 
Men  would  be  distributed  among  these  units,  and 
how  the  necessary  trained  officers  would  be  provided 
for  them.  This  is  technical  discussion,  and  should 
be  given  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  in  order  that  the 
estimates  may  be  revised  by  other  military  men. 
But  it  belongs  in  subsequent  chapters.  The  pre- 
ceding chapters  are  intended  as  a  financial  summary, 
with  incidental  analysis  of  the  proposed  system 
enough  to  make  it  intelligible.  The  technical  dis- 
cussions follow  in  subsequent  chapters. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

PRELIMINARY  DISCUSSION  OF  MILITARY 
ORGAN  IZATION  . 

We  have  reached  a  satisfactory  finan- 
Purpose  of  dal  estimate  on  a  sound  basjs  for  tne 

National  Defense.  It  is  now  pro- 
posed to  deduce  a  suitable  system  of  organization  to 
insure  the  maximum  return  for  the  expenditure. 
Let  us  continue  the  analogy  of  the  contractor. 

The  banker  determines  that  the  necessities  of  his 
position  require  the  erection  of  a  mansion  on  a  site 
selected  by  him.  In  a  general  way,  from  knowl- 
edge of  what  other  men  in  a  similar  condition  of  life 
are  using,  he  knows  about  what  sort  of  a  mansion  he 
wants,  and  so  he  goes  to  a  competent  architect  for 
detailed  plans.  With  these  plans  he  engages  a 
competent  contractor  for  the  purpose  of  embodying 
in  steel,  stone,  wood  and  plaster,  the  conception 
which  originated  in  his  own  mind,  which  was  em- 
bodied in  working  plans  by  the  architect,  and  is  to 
be  executed  by  the  contractor.  The  Banker  is  not 
himself  an  architect,  nor  a  skilled  builder;  yet  he 
can  tell  by  the  use  of  ordinary  common  sense 
whether  or  not  the  plans  of  the  architect  embody  his 
idea,  and  whether  or  not  the  contractor  is  faithfully 
executing  these  plans,  provided  he  pays  enough  at- 
tention to  the  matter.  If  he  does  not  pay  attention 


90  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

to  it  he  must  rely  upon  the  integrity  of  his  employees 
for  its  faithful  execution. 

So  in  this  matter  of  the  National  De- 
j. he 

.        fense.     Congress,  for  the  American 

Applict  people,  may  take  the  place  of  the 

Banker;  it  is  the  agent  of  the  nation,  charged  on 
the  oaths  of  office  of  its  members  with  the  duty  of 
providing  for  the  National  Defense.  He  who 
formulates  the  plans  may  be  compared  to  the  archi- 
tect, and  he  who  supervises  their  execution  may 
represent  the  contractor.  The  military  experts  of 
the  General  Staff,  to  whom  any  such  plans  will  no 
doubt  be  referred  before  their  approval,  may  be 
likened  to  a  body  of  consulting  architects  who  finally 
approve  the  first  draft  of  the  architect's  plans,  after 
such  alterations  as  may  be  found  necessary.  The 
Permanent  Personnel  of  the  army  is  the  working 
force  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  who  stands  in  the 
relation  of  overseer  of  the  work.  The  part  essayed 
by  the  present  writer  is  that  of  draftsman,  making 
an  attempt  to  formulate  the  first  rough  draft  of  a 
workable  plan. 

The  subject  of  National  Defense  has 
Previous  ,  '  .  -,  -, 

never  been  considered  on  a  permanent 

il/TY)  9 

basis  by  Congress,  and  but  few  military 
men  have  done  more  than  try  to  meet  the  emergen- 
cies of  the  passing  day  as  best  they  could  with  a 
makeshift  expedient. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  91 

Upton,  the  most  brilliant  mind  our  military  sys- 
tem has  ever  produced,  rendered  a  great  service  by 
showing  how  it  should  not  be  done;  but  his  con- 
structive suggestions  are  too  vague  for  practical 
use.  Carter,  a  great  constructive  mind  of  our 
time,  shows  conclusively  the  necessity  for  half  a 
million  men,  but  when  we  come  to  details  his  pro- 
ject lacks  the  definite,  clear-cut  sharpness  necessary 
for  constructive  work.  Furthermore,  his  plans 
would  entail  national  bankruptcy  in  case  of  a  real 
war.  Wagner  was  the  great  constructive  military 
mind  between  Upton  and  Carter;  but  Wagner's 
work  related  wholly  to  two  details,  viz. ;  infantry  or- 
ganization and  scholastic  instruction.  The  results 
of  his  work  may  be  summed  up  in  two  items;  the 
3-battalion  organization  and  the  scholastic  system 
for  instruction  of  commissioned  officers.  It  does 
not  cover  preparation  for  national  defense  in  any 
particular.  In  the  same  way  Carter's  great  work 
is  the  General  Staff  and  the  detailed  staff  system, 
a  great  detail,  but  a  mere  detail  in  the  great  ques- 
tion we  are  now  at  work  on,  and  that  detail  relating 
to  the  minor,  almost  negligible,  organization  of  what 
we  know  as  "The  Regular  Army." 

All  these  were  steps  forward, 

but  neither  as  separate  steps, 
Plan  m  Existence  nor  &g  &  jumbkd  whole  with. 

out  articulation  into  any  sort  of  system  worthy  of 
the  name,  do  these  steps  bring  to  the  nation  any 


92  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

real  preparation  for  self  defense.  It  is  just  for 
that  very  reason,  that  none  of  those  who  have 
worked  on  the  military  work  of  the  nation  has  pro- 
duced a  real  system,  that  we  can  take  their  measure 
and  say  that  Upton's  mind  has  not  yet  been  sur- 
passed in  our  military  history. 

These  men  have  done  some  pretty  big  thinking; 
some  thinking  in  five  figures;  but  as  the  late 
Thomas  B.  Reed  said,  "This  is  a  billion  dollar 
country."  We  must  think  in  ten  figures,  not  five; 
for  a  century,  not  for  the  political  exigencies  of  a 
moment  or  one  election  or  to  gain  a  little  promo- 
tion. So  far  as  I  know,  there  has  never  yet  been 
formulated  any  comprehensive  plan  for  the  Na- 
tional Defense,  based  upon  correct  principles, 
worked  out  to  detail  enough  to  make  it  practicable, 
looking  to  a  permanent  solution  of  this  problem. 

The  National  Defense  has  been  left  to  be  dealt 
with  when  the  crisis  arrives,  by  those  who  may  be 
temporarily  responsible  for  the  public  safety.  The 
methods  adopted  have  always  resulted  from  the 
exigencies  of  the  moment,  and  these  exigencies  have 
more  often  been  political  than  military.  For  exam- 
ple, I  happen  to  know  that  on  the  26th  of  February, 
1899,  it  was  a  purely  political  exigency  that  im- 
pelled President  McKinley  to  accept  short  term 
volunteers  under  the  Cockrell  plan,  in  lieu  of  an 
adequate  increase  of  the  regular  army,  under  the 
Hawley  bill,  then  pending;  I  know  this  on  state- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  93 

ments  made  to  me,  personally,  by  both  Senator 
Cockrell  and  President  McKinley.  A  similar  poli- 
tical consideration  forced  short  term,  state  militia 
and  volunteers  upon  President  Lincoln  in  1861. 
It  is  quite  possible  that  a  like  political  exigency  has 
resulted  in  the  plan  for  a  "Continental"  army,  now 
under  public  consideration.  The  national  peril  from 
lack  of  any  sort  of  preparation  for  self  defense, 
has  grown  exactly  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  military 
growth  of  other  nations,  and  the  world  expansion 
of  our  own  country,  exactly  in  proportion  to  the  tre- 
mendous advances  in  transportation,  in  proportion 
to  the  invention  of  more  scientific  methods  of  war- 
fare. 

This  peril  has  grown  until  it  looms  up  today  as 
the  one  and  only  great  issue  before  our  country.  The 
very  life  of  the  nation  is  at  stake,  or  may  be  at  stake 
at  the  will  of  any  one  of  half  a  dozen  nations.  That 
life  cannot  be  safeguarded  by  "scraps  of  paper." 
It  must  be  protected  by  adequate  preparation  for 
self  defense,  permanent  preparation,  instead  of 
patchwork,  put  together  for  reasons  of  political  ex- 
pediency. This  preparation  cannot  be  made  after 
the  enemy  strikes.  It  must  be  made  in  advance,  in 
time  of  peace,  by  men  who  will  probably  not  be 
officially  responsible  when  the  time  of  trial  comes, 
because  they  will  have  gone  out  of  office,  but  who 
will  be  responsible  in  History,  for  either  lack  of 
foresight  and  capacity,  or  lack  of  moral  courage, 


94  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

to  do  what  they  well  know  they  ought  to  do.  The 
first  public  man  who  can  take  a  national  position, 
as  champion  of  this  idea,  will  deserve  to  be  elected 
President,  and  will  become  President  upon  this 
issue,  if  the  people  can  still  have  their  way.  The 
people  of  the  United  States  are  neither  "sissies" 
nor  "mollycoddles,"  neither  cowards  nor  degener- 
ates. They  are  just  as  ready  to  defend  their  coun- 
try, and  to  make  adequate,  timely  preparation  to 
defend  it,  as  ever  their  forefathers  were.  And  they 
are  fast  awakening  to  the  importance  of  immediate 
action  on  that  line. 

,   This  will  be  my  excuse  for  consult- 
Pioneer  Work  .  •     -  ^  ^      ^ 

ing  principles,  rather  than  prece- 
dents, common  sense,  rather  than  common  politics, 
in  formulating  such  a  scheme  of  organization.  It 
is  a  form  of  pioneering.  The  ancient  landmarks 
of  the  military  art  have  been  swept  away.  Trained 
imagination,  the  "Vision"  of  the  seer,  rather  than 
the  laborious  patience  of  the  military  pedant  and 
compiler,  are  demanded  in  the  solution  of  this  prob- 
lem. The  architect  who  planned  the  first  steel  sky- 
scraper was  not  much  helped  by  previous  formulas. 

Compilation  of  past  statistics  will 
No  Statistics  are          \     .  .,     , . 

_  __  7  not  do  in  our  present  situation. 

now  of  Value        Tlcr          ,  , ,        .  .  *, 

We  must  not  repeat  the  mistakes 

of  Lincoln  and  McKinley  in  organization.  A  revo- 
lution has  occurred  in  the  art  of  war.  Such  mis- 
takes would  now  be  fatal.  The  machine  gun,  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  95 

aeroplane,  the  42-centimeter,  20-mile  artillery  hurl- 
ing asphyxiating  gas,  wireless  communication  from 
the  sky  for  fire  direction,  the  automobile  transpor- 
tation, have  so  revolutionized  equipment,  tactics  and 
organization,  that  statistics  or  opinions  prior  to  1914 
are  of  little  value.  Accurate  knowledge  of  the 
military  details  of  1914-1915  will  not  be  available 
for  many  months.  Our  need  for  an  organization 
which  will  be  capable  of  utilizing  that  knowledge 
promptly  when  it  becomes  available,  is  imperative. 
Our  possible  future  enemies  already  have  all  this 
knowledge,  and  have  already  taken  full  advantage 
of  it  in  their  organization.  We  know  that  our 
present  disorganization,  or  present  lack  of  a  system 
(for  we  have  none  worthy  of  the  name)  will  abso- 
lutely make  it  impossible  to  utilize  new  information 
for  years.  We  must  prepare  to  face  an  enemy  who 
already  has  full  information,  already  has  full  experi- 
ence, has  already  perfected  his  armies  in  the  use  of 
every  one  of  the  new  devices,  many  of  which  we 
do  not  yet  know  even  by  name.  Just  as  surely  as 
some  nation,  or  group  of  nations  is  going  to  emerge 
from  the  clash  in  Europe  as  victor,  just  that  surely 
the  victor  is  going  to  demand  "reparation"  from 
the  United  States  for  alleged  wrongs;  just  that 
surely  we  must  stand  and  deliver  upon  demand, 
unless  we  prepare  ourselves  to  defend  our  rights  and 
our  country.  Our  need  is  pressing.  The  only 
faculty  that  can  grasp  the  situation  is  the  trained 


96  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

military  imagination,  using  the  critical  lens  of  com- 
mon sense,  through  the  medium  of  clear,  pitiless 
logic. 

Therefore,  in  the  details  of  organi- 

JJeclaration  or       .-  n  n        T    i    n  -, 

zation  to  lollow,  I  shall  not  permit 

*  myself  to  be  dismayed  because  the 

plan  is  at  variance  with  those  previously  submitted 
by  distinguished  officers.  Less  attention  will  be 
paid  to  precedents  than  to  our  needs.  Sweeping 
changes  of  organization  will  be  recommended;  but 
with  sure  vision,  clear  vision,  tested  vision;  I  know 
what  results  will  follow  if  the  plan  herein  outlined 
be  adopted,  and  know  that  it  must  be  adopted,  sooner 
or  later,  because  it  is  right.  It  will  work. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  PROPOSED  ORGANIZATION. 

One  Division,  complete,  for  the  Philip- 
Permanent  pme  Islands 

Personnel  Qne  j)ivjsion?  complete,  Hawaii  and 
Panama. 

One  Division,  complete,  Expeditionary  Force. 

Ten  Thousand  Coast  Artillery,  Oversea  Defense. 

All  these  troops  are  to  be  established  and  main- 
tained at  all  times  on  a  war  basis,  ready  for  imme- 
diate action. 

In  addition,  an  adequate  permanent  personnel, 
as  a  part  of  the  regular  army,  for  a  great  training 
school  of  transient  personnel,  for  the  duty  of  Minute 
Men,  to  be  used  only  for  purposes  of  National 
Self  Defense,  when  so  authorized  by  special  Act  of 
Congress. 

A  division  is  a  body  of  troops  com- 
Composition      kte  ^^  itgelf ?  f Qr  military  pur. 

of  a  Division  poses  ^  ^  fidd     Jt  ig  ^  smallegt 

mobile  force  that  contains  all  the  elements  neces- 
sary for  complete  independent  action.  It  contains 
suitable  proportions  of  infantry,  cavalry,  mobile 
artillery,  machine  guns,  signal  troops,  sanitary 
troops,  supply  troops,  transportation,  and  other 
auxiliary  units,  necessary  for  independent  opera- 
tions in  its  theater  of  operations.  The  composi- 


98  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

tion  of  a  division  will  vary  with  its  theater  of  opera- 
tions. For  example,  that  for  Panama,  in  a  limited 
field,  for  passive  defense  only,  is  one  thing;  that 
for  the  Philippine  Islands,  where  the  theater  of 
operations  is  very  large  and  extremely  diversified, 
is  quite  another  thing.  The  composition  of  a  divi- 
sion must  depend  upon  the  theater  of  its  operations  ; 
that  of  an  Expeditionary  Division,  must  contain 
all  the  auxiliaries  it  is  likely  to  need  in  any  part  of 
the  world  to  which  it  may  be  sent,  from  Alaska  to 
Jolo,  from  Cape  Horn  to  Athabasca.  The  Expe- 
ditionary Division,  therefore,  may  be  taken  as  the 
complete  one  which  must  be  organized,  as  the  model, 
to  be  modified  in  the  cases  of  other  divisions,  accord- 
ing to  the  particular  requirements  of  their  field  of 
operation. 

Organization     depends,     primarily, 

Analysis  of  ,      mi      i     •         •. 

_.       J  .      /        upon  equipment.      Ihe   basic  unit, 
Organization     - 


most  effectively  managed  under  the  conditions 
of  its  service  by  a  single  officer.  It  may  ,be 
subdivided;  he  may  use  assistants;  each  of  these 
assistants  may  have,  probably  will  have,  a  sub- 
division of  the  unit,  or  an  allotment  of  the  duties 
pertaining  to  it;  but  the  basic  unit  of  all  organiza- 
tion, civil  or  military,  economic,  social  or  industrial, 
is  that  number  which  can  be  most  economically  and 
effectively  controlled  and  used  by  one  trained,  cap- 
able overseer,  who  is  responsible  for  that  unit,  and 
for  the  efficiency  with  which  it  is  operated. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  99 

In  the  military  service,  it  is  customary  to  desig- 
nate this  unit  as  a  company,  and  it  is  commanded 
by  a  captain. 

.In  construction  work,  such  a  unit  would 
?  be  a  "gang,"  and  its  overseer  would  cor- 
respond to  a  captain.  In  construction  work,  a  con- 
venient number  of  such  "gangs"  would  be  grouped 
under  a  superintendent,  each  gang  doing  its  own 
work  under  its  own  overseer.  Similarly,  in  an  army 
companies  are  grouped  for  tactical  management 
into  battalions,  and  into  regiments  for  administra- 
tive direction.  This  is  part  of  the  technical  side  of 
the  military  art,  and  it  is  just  as  difficult  to  explain 
the  reasons  for  the  particular  grouping  adopted 
in  an  army  to  a  non-military  man,  as  it  is  for  a  boss 
mechanic  to  explain  to  a  person  totally  ignorant 
of  machine  shop  practice  why  his  workmen  are 
distributed  thus  and  so.  In  both  cases  the  non- 
expert has  employed  a  technical  expert  to  manage 
this  distribution,  and  on  matters  of  technical  detail 
it  is  logical  and  correct  to  accept  the  views  of  the 
technical  expert  within  the  scope  of  his  proper 
duties. 

There  are  two  phases  to  this  or- 
Utmze  what  ...  ,,          ^         *,  . 

ganization  problem.    One  relates 
Organization  we     ,      ^  T,  ,     ., 

,       *    ,  to    Permanent    Personnel,    the 

already  have  a*     ^^  to  Transient  Personnel.  In 

Uta^ed  the  Permanent  Personnel  thei-e 

are  two  divisions  of  the  problem ; 

that  part  always  on  a  war  basis,  and  that  part  which 


100  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

will  be  the  permanent  element  of  the  training 
school  for  Minute  Men.  These  two  parts  of  the 
Permanent  Personnel  may  be  treated  separately, 
commencing  with  that  part  which  will  be  always  on 
a  war  basis;  the  oversea  defense  and  the  expedi- 
tionary force. 

It  is  true  that  great  changes  in  equipment,  with 
corresponding  changes  in  organization,  are  immi- 
nently impending.  The  automatic  rifle  is  about  to 
displace  the  present  rifle  for  infantry.  The  separ- 
ate machine  gun  corps  is  now  recognized  as  a  neces- 
sity, and  England  has  adopted  it  under  the  stress 
of  the  present  war.  With  the  adoption  of  this 
corps  will  disappear  the  hybrid  organization  in 
which  machine  guns  form  a  part  of  each  regiment. 
It  ought  never  have  been  adopted,  and  never  would 
have  been  adopted,  if  any  sort  of  machine  gun 
organization  could  have  been  secured  in  any  other 
way. 

The  old  officers  did  not  want  machine  guns  or- 
ganized at  all.  Now,  perhaps,  after  England  has 
shown  us  how,  we  may  get  them  correctly  organized. 
An  aero  service  must  be  recognized  as  a  necessity; 
not  one  run  by  men  who  cannot  fly,  but  run  by 
bird  men  who  can  themselves  fly,  and  know  what 
is  necessary  for  that  branch  of  the  service  by  per- 
sonal experience.  Automobile  transportation  is  with 
us  to  stay,  and  must  be  organized.  We  have  none. 
Artillery  material  must  be  brought  up  to  date  again. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  101 

If  Germany  can  produce  a  4 2 -centimeter  mobile 
gun,  it  is  not  beyond  American  inventive  genius 
to  produce  a  better  one.  The  day  of  anchoring  the 
personnel  of  the  sea  coast  fortifications  in  concrete 
emplacements  is  past.  Their  great  guns  should 
be  as  mobile,  within  their  theater  of  operations,  as 
required  by  the  situation,  and  should  be  able  to 
fire  toward  the  land  side  as  a  part  of  their  own 
defense.  Railroad  tracks,  gasoline  trucks,  can  be 
used  here  as  well  as  anywhere.  Military  coast  rail- 
roads on  which  such  artillery  and  its  supporting 
troops  could  be  moved  would  be  of  value  far  beyond 
fixed  forts,  which  can  be  avoided  by  the  enemy. 
The  uses  of  the  artillery,  both  coast  and  field,  from 
a  vocational  training  point  of  view,  should  be  de- 
veloped. There  is  hardly  any  occupation  of  elec- 
tric or  mechanical  nature  in  which  these  branches 
of  the  service  do  not  give  a  valuable  training,  valua- 
ble in  civil  life.  Such  training  could  be  made  a 
powerful  factor  in  seeking  enrollments  for  these 
arms,  and  others  that  give  similarly  valuable  training 
in  any  rational  scheme  for  military  preparedness. 
These  changes  will  change  all  the  drill  books,  change 
the  minor  tactics,  change  the  administrative  routine 
in  some  respects.  So  much  is  apparent  to  all  think- 
ing men ;  but  it  would  need  the  genius  of  Napoleon 
to  develop  all  these  changes  from  the  brain  of  one 
man — and  also  as  many  secretaries  as  Napoleon 
had. 


102  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

What  is  far  better,  far  more  important,  for  our 
service,  is  to  establish  a  system  by  which  changes  are 
bound  to  come  in  an  orderly  manner  as  rapidly  as 
they  can  surely  be  made.  In  devising  such  a  system 
it  is  far  better  to  utilize  what  we  have,  than  to 
abandon  it.  In  many  cases  only  slight  modifica- 
tions of  existing  things  will  be  necessary;  in  all 
cases  better  and  quicker  results  can  be  had  by  util- 
izing what  we  have  than  by  trying  to  create  a  new 
military  machine.  We  should  create  new  machinery 
only  where  the  present  organization  cannot  be  used 
economically  for  our  purpose. 

.        The  Field  Service  Regulations  pre- 
1  leld  Service    gcribe  the  ^  organization  for  Per. 

manent  Personnel,  on  a  war  basis, 
that  our  military  experts  have  been  able  to  devise, 
in  the  light  of  all  our  experience  and  knowledge  of 
the  military  art.  In  many  respects  they  are  far 
ahead  of  the  statutory  provisions,  and  they  can  be 
changed  by  an  Executive  Order,  which  cannot  be 
done  with  statutory  requirements.  It  is  therefore 
considered  that  the  Field  Service  Regulations 
should  be  adopted  as  the  basis  for  the  organization 
of  the  Permanent  Personnel,  except  in  the  item  of 
machine  guns,  subject  to  adequate  provisions  for 
elasticity  of  system  to  be  hereafter  explained.  This 
covers  the  oversea  defense  and  the  Expeditionary 
Force,  a  total  of  three  divisions. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  103 

But  there  is  another  element 
Permanent  Personnel  of  ^  Permanent  PerSonnel 

that  is  not  covered  by  the 

Field  Service  Regulations,  and  is  so  intimately  re- 
lated to  the  Transient  Personnel,  that  its  organiza- 
tion must  be  considered  in  connection  with  that  ele- 
ment of  the  National  Defense.  This  is  the  84  regi- 
ments, or  equivalent  bodies  of  troops,  that  will  be 
devoted  to  the  training  of  the  Transient  Personnel. 
The  organization  of  this  body  will  constitute  the 
"Training  School  for  Minute  Men,"  and  in  its 
organization  will  be  considered  the  necessary  provi- 
sions for  continental  coast  defense,  not  heretofore 
mentioned  in  this  discussion.  In  order,  therefore, 
to  devise  a  suitable  organization  for  this  part  of  the 
Permanent  Personnel,  we  must  consider  two  other 
things;  the  continental  coast  defense,  and  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  Transient  Personnel  to  the  differ- 
ent elements  of  the  service. 

Continental  coast  defense  is 
Continental  Coast  .,  f  -,.  •  T, 

worthy  of  some  discussion.  It 
Defense  Plans  .  {M.  . ,  , , 

immobilizes  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  men,  and  a  very  large  amount  of  money ;  how 
much,  may  be  conjectured  from  the  statement  that 
over  a  million  dollars  has  been  spent  at  the  one  place 
of  Corregidor  Island  on  insulated  electric  wire, 
alone.  If  the  pretensions  of  the  extremists  of  that 
branch  were  taken  at  face  value  the  whole  income  of 
the  United  States  Government  could  be  spent  on 


104  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

coast  defense  alone,  and  all  promotion  in  the  whole 
army  would  be  given  to  coast  artillery  officers;  a 
branch  of  the  service  that  has  never  fired  a  hostile 
shot  in  action,  and  when  taken  alone  is  absolutely 
helpless  against  attack  from  the  rear. 

Back  in  the  administration  of  President  Cleve- 
land, a  very  distinguished  Board,  composed  of  high 
officers  and  influential  politicians,  headed  by  Secre- 
tary Endicott,  elaborated  an  extensive  scheme  of 
coast  defense,  which  has  been  gradually  carried  into 
effect  by  Congress.  The  subject  has  been  treated 
by  subsequent  Boards,  as  new  territory  has  been 
added  to  our  country,  until  it  has  reached  elaborate 
proportions  indeed. 

The  principal  justification  for  the  extreme  im- 
mobilization of  men  and  money  required  by  this 
scheme  is  that  the  non-military  population  of  the 
seaboard  cities  fall  into  hysterical  panic  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  war,  and  that  this  elaborate  plan  is  neces- 
sary in  order  to  protect  them  from  the  consequences 
of  their  owrn  fears,  which  would  follow  an  invasion 
in  the  shape  of  financial  panic.  It  seems  to  be  over- 
looked that  these  fortifications  invite  attack,  cancel 
the  immunity  of  unfortified  places  which  is  the  best 
protection  of  these  places  from  destruction,  and 
that  they  are  utterly  defenseless  except  from  direct, 
frontal  attack  from  the  sea.  Any  enemy  might 
land  at  a  distance  of  a  single  march,  a  few  miles 
up  or  down  the  coast,  and  could  take  them  in  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  105 

rear,  where  they  are  utterly  undefended,  and  cannot 
be  defended  except  by  a  mobile  army.  No  coast 
defense  of  the  United  States  has  ever  fired  a  hos- 
tile shot  except  Forts  Moultrie  and  Sumpter,  the 
latter  against  an  attack  from  the  land  side  by  our 
own  people,  illustrating  the  helplessness  of  all  such 
"Forts"  when  so  attacked  on  the  land  side.  Neither 
was  effective  for  the  purpose  for  which  designed. 
Except  in  case  of  an  invasion  there  is  no  human 
probability  that  a  shot  will  ever  be  fired  from  one 
of  them  in  hostility;  and  in  that  case  the  enemy 
will  be  composed  of  well  trained  men,  who  will 
certainly  not  sacrifice  themselves  by  direct,  frontal 
attack,  when  a  short  march  will  accomplish  their 
purpose  without  loss. 

Conceding  that  a  certain  number 

Minimize  the  „  .          ,      ,        ...         u     u  u 

.  of  important  positions  should  be 
Immobiteatum  of  fortified>  H          ^  ^  ^^ 

Ytoney  held  that  these  positions  should 
be  selected  for  military  reasons,  rather  than  for  poli- 
tical considerations,  and  that  every  man  and  every 
dollar  that  is  unnecessarily  immobilized  is  a  detri- 
ment to  the  National  Defense.  The  present  esti- 
mates call  for  about  18,000  men  for  one  relief  in 
the  coast  defenses.  Three  full  reliefs  are  indispen- 
sible  to  successful  resistance  to  even  a  frontal  at- 
tack for  any  period  longer  than  a  couple  of  days. 
This  estimate  is  for  permanent,  fixed  ordnance,  and 
not  for  the  infantry  defense  of  the  rear,  which  must 


106  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

be  organized  in  addition  to  the  personnel  just  men- 
tioned. 

Thus  the  equivalent  of  a  dozen  regi- 

'     '  ments  must  be  at  once  taken  out  of 

Permanent      ,,     04        .  .?     m    •  •       OUT 

the  84  regiments  lor  1  raining  School 

work  for  this  one  relief  of  the  sea 
coast  fortifications  of  continental  United  States. 
The  conditions  of  that  service  require  a  consider- 
able proportion  of  expert  men  of  special  qualifica- 
tions, whose  instruction  will  afford  opportunity  for 
such  vocational  training  of  Minute  Men;  but  it  is 
believed,  if  the  Permanent  Personnel  of  the  Coast 
Defense  comprises  one  complete  relief,  and  if  this 
relief  is  used  as  instructors  for  the  other  two  reliefs, 
composed  of  Transient  Personnel  or  Minute  Men, 
the  legitimate  requirements  of  coast  defense  can  be 
adequately  met. 

.    .  Each  fortification  has  its  own  pecu- 

^ar  conditions,  and  it  is  desirable  to 
of  n  u^  ary  majnj-ajn  a  certain  amount  of  secrecy 

Population      -  -,          .,  ...  j 

in   regard   to   the   organization   and 

equipment  of  these  places.  The  best  way  to  do  this 
will  be  to  draw  the  Transient  Personnel  needed,  all 
the  Minute  Men  that  will  be  required,  for  any  par- 
ticular fortification,  from  a  territorial  district  adjac- 
ent to  it,  where  they  can  be  kept  in  closer  touch  with 
their  war  duties  than  other  Minute  Men.  This  indi- 
cates the  designation  of  a  district  of  suitable  popu- 
lation for  each  coast  defense  fortification,  from 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  107 

which  shall  be  taken  the  Minute  Men  necessary  for 
that  fortification,  and  this  district  should  be  exempt 
from  other  military  demands  upon  its  inhabitants. 
Preferably  this  district  will  be  territory  served  by 
the  fortification  in  question,  and  thus  there  will  be 
an  element  of  self  interest  on  the  part  of  the  people 
of  this  district  in  making  its  personnel  effective. 

But  this  provision,  alone,  is  not  a 

Land  Defense  complete  coast  defense.    Unless  the 

Necessary  f  ortifications  are  also  protected  by  an 

adequate  mobile  force  on  the  land  side,  it  is  a  waste 

of  money  to  spend  a  dollar  on  them. 

As  an  example,  the  case  of  Portland,  Maine,  may 
be  cited.  In  1902,  I  proposed  a  joint  maneuver  of 
the  army  and  the  navy  at  that  point,  with  a  view  to 
fixing  attention  upon  the  landward  side  of  the  prob- 
lem, and  submitted  a  discussion  of  that  phase  of 
coast  defense  through  military  channels.  The  result 
was  a  decision  to  hold  the  proposed  joint  maneuver 
in  1903,  the  first  time  such  a  joint  maneuver  of  the 
army  and  navy  was  ever  held  in  this  country.  As 
the  only  available  officer  of  the  mobile  army,  I  was 
requested  to  submit  a  scheme  for  the  mobile  element, 
of  the  land  defense  of  this  maneuver,  and  therefore 
made  a  very  careful  study  of  that  terrain. 

It  was  thought,  after  riding  all  over  the  ground, 
after  taking  into  consideration  all  the  probable  land- 
ing places  of  the  enemy,  after  careful  consideration 
of  all  the  known  factors  of  the  problem  to  the  best 


108  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

of  my  ability,  that  not  less  than  36,800  mobile  troops 
would  be  necessary  to  resist  with  any  prospect  of 
success  a  well  directed  attack  upon  this  harbor.  The 
available  mobile  troops  were  then  utilized  in  the 
plan  submitted  to  outline  the  advanced  elements  of 
this  mobile  force  in  the  proposed  maneuvers,  which 
were  held  on  that  basis.  The  details  matter  little  in 
this  discussion;  the  significant  thing  is  that  prac- 
tically two  complete  divisions  of  mobile  troops  would 
be  required  for  the  landward  defense  of  this  port, 
alone;  and  that  these  conditions  are  typical  of  the 
conditions  at  all  the  other  coast  defense  fortifica- 
tions. 

The  mobile  troops  assigned  to 
Mobtle  Forces  for         d 


Land  Defense  •  i        ,,  -. 

a  special  problem,  and  may  re- 

quire special  training.  For  example,  the  conditions 
at  Corregidor  are  peculiar  to  that  place.  It  is  a 
small  island,  dominated  within  easy  artillery  range 
by  a  mountain  accessible  to  the  enemy,  but  an  island 
that  can  be  rendered  virtually  impregnable  within 
its  own  defenses  by  infantry  properly  trained  in 
the  special  lines  necessary  for  that  particular  situa- 
tion. It  can  therefore  hold  out  against  all  enemies 
except  lack  of  food,  water  and  munitions,  for  an 
indefinite  period,  if  such  infantry  be  assigned  and 
specially  trained  for  its  duties.  The  mobile  defense 
on  the  mainland,  while  essential  to  the  defense  of 
Manila  from  land  and  sea  attack,  is  not  in  this  case 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  109 

essential  to  a  prolonged  defense  of  Manila's  coast 
defense  fortifications,  which  can  be  sustained  for  a 
long  time  after  Manila  falls  from  land  attack,  if 
properly  prepared  in  advance,  and  if  there  is  any 
reason  for  holding  Corregidor  after  Manila  falls 
into  the  possession  of  the  enemy. 

These  examples  illustrate  the  necessity 

pecia         £or  Specjaj  training   for  the  infantry 
L™          ^component,  the  mobile  component,  of 

p  CIG  ^e  coast  defense,  and  the  numbers  of 
mobile  troops  that  may  be  called  upon 
for  that  sort  of  service.  Special  requirements  fre- 
quently call  for  special  organization  and  special 
training.  The  mobile  troops  of  the  Minute  Man 
class  located  in  the  territory  adjacent  to  such  forti- 
fications should  therefore  be  organized  and  trained 
with  special  reference  to  the  conditions  in  their  re- 
spective localities.  The  Minute  Man  component 
assigned  to  the  coast  defense  fixed  armament,  es- 
pecially, should  be  specially  organized  and  trained 
in  its  particular  duties.  In  cases,  as  at  Corregidor, 
where  the  mobile  troops  also  require  special  organi- 
zation and  training,  this  should  be  taken  into  ac- 
count; but  in  the  general  case  any  well  organized 
mobile  force  can  be  adapted  to  the  landward  defense 
of  any  fixed  fortification  more  economically  than  a 
special  body  can  be  assigned  and  trained  for  the 
special  purpose.  It  will  be  well  to  make  the  mobile 
contingent  in  every  locality  familiar  with  the  special 


110  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

requirements  of  that  locality,  and  to  assign  it  for 
duty  in  that  locality  in  case  the  developments  of 
the  campaign  result  in  military  operations  in  that 
theater  of  war;  but  save  in  the  one  case  of  Corre- 
gidor  it  is  thought  that  no  special  assignment  of 
mobile  troops  to  any  particular  coast  fortification 
is  necessary,  and  that  the  assignment  of  one  com- 
plete relief  of  Permanent  Personnel,  equivalent  to 
12  regiments  from  the  Training  School  component, 
will  give  to  the  coast  defense  an  adequate  working 
force.  The  assignment  of  this  Permanent  Person- 
nel as  instructors  in  the  Training  School  for  the 
Minute  Men  who  will  be  required  in  their  particu- 
lar fortification  is  a  satisfactory  application  of  the 
Training  School  idea  for  this  purpose;  and  the  as- 
signment of  the  available  citizens  of  the  adjacent 
territory  to  furnish  the  Minute  Men,  or  Transient 
Personnel,  will  insure  that  the  peace  time  garrisons 
can  be  raised  to  a  war  basis  with  the  least  possible 
delay;  a  war  force  specially  interested  in  their  as- 
signed duty,  and  specially  trained  to  perform  it 
properly.  This  system  would  give  adequate  and 
efficient  service  for  the  fixed  fortifications,  without 
great  increase,  undue  increase,  disproportional  in- 
crease, in  the  number  of  troops,  either  of  Perma- 
nent Personnel  or  Transient  Personnel,  immobilized 
for  that  purpose.  Each  fixed  fortification  would 
have  its  due  number  of  Permanent  Personnel  for 
one  complete  relief,  and  these  men  would  be  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  111 

trainers  and  instructors  of  the  Transient  Personnel 
which  would  be  assigned  to  the  service  of  that  forti- 
fication in  time  of  war,  men  having  local  interest  in 
its  service  in  addition  to  their  general  patriotic  in- 
terest in  their  country's  defense.  The  mobile  ele- 
ments would  all  receive  a  general  training  that 
would  fit  them  for  service  anywhere,  and  they  would 
not  be  immobilized,  unless  the  attack  fell  upon  their 
particular  locality.  In  that  case,  of  course,  the  mo- 
bile component,  trained  in  that  locality,  would  have 
a  peculiar  value  for  service  in  its  own  environment. 
We  therefore  assign  the  equivalent  of  12  regi- 
ments for  Permanent  Personnel  of  Sea  Coast  For- 
tifications, with  the  additional  duty  of  training  the 
transient  personnel  that  will  be  assigned  for  the 
same  duty. 

Before  an  intelligent  discussion  of  the 

^  problem  of  organizing  the  training  school 

Services  ,          j     •*  •     i 

can  be  made,  it  is  also  necessary  to  con- 
sider certain  other  features,  and  to  determine  what 
proportion  of  the  permanent  personnel  of  the  train- 
ing school  shall  be  assigned  to  the  auxiliary  services. 
Aviators  who  can  really  fly,  as  well  as  draw  "flying 
pay";  Signalmen;  Sanitary  service;  Quartermaster 
Corps;  Engineers,  and  all  the  auxiliary  elements 
that  do  not  find  a  suitable  place  within  the  organi- 
zation of  the  four  principal  arms,  infantry,  machine 
guns,  mobile  artillery  and  cavalry,  must  be  taken 
into  account  in  organizing  the  training  school.  Spe- 


112  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

cial  instruction,  special  organization,  are  necessary 
to  the  highest  degree  of  efficiency  in  these  units. 
These  requirements  can  be  better  met  if  specially 
selected  men  are  assigned  to  them.  Not  every  man 
can  become  a  wireless  operator  or  an  aviator;  not 
every  man  possesses  the  mechanical  ability  to  oper- 
ate automobile  transportation,  or  the  business  abil- 
ity to  become  an  efficient  member  of  the  Quarter- 
master's Corps.  A  way  must  be  provided  to  put 
the  round  pegs  in  the  round  holes,  if  we  would  at- 
tain the  maximum  possibilities  of  any  system.  This 
must  be  done,  too,  without  robbing  the  fighting  line 
of  its  best  men.  A  way  can  be  found. 

Thus  far  we  have  dealt  with  tactical 

Administrative  •     ,  •          -.1  •     .       *.•        n  • 

.      .  organization,  with  instruction  of  m- 

°   J  dividuals,  and  methods  of  organiza- 

tion to  promote  individual  instruction.  But  we  must 
also  consider  the  larger  phases  of  organization  and 
administration,  the  training  of  grouped  tactical  units 
in  cooperation,  in  team  play,  if  we  wish  to  design  a 
satisfactory  system  of  organization.  This  part  of 
military  organization  has  never  been  completed  in 
our  country  in  time  of  peace.  In  time  of  war  it  has 
always  been  absolutely  haphazard,  never  based  upon 
any  preconceived  plan  arranged  for  in  time  of 
peace.  Neither  General  Carter's  plan  published  in 
The  American  Army,  nor  "the  plan"  for  a  "Con- 
tinental" army,  offers  any  attempt  to  provide  for 
this  part  of  organization.  Both  leave  us  floundering 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  113 

along  with  individual  tactical  units  until  the  very 
beginning  of  War,  then  to  bring  together  for  the 
first  time  for  the  defense  of  some  American  Louvain 
the  elements  which  must  be  articulated  to  form  an 
army.  This  omission  would  be  enough  to  condemn 
any  plan. 

Just  as  the  basic  unit  for  individual 
Administrative  training  i§  ^  ^p^  that  for 


Organization:     ^^  tacticg  ig  ^  battalion>  and 

Jmt  that  for  detailed  administration  is 
normally  the  regiment,  so  there  is  a  basic  unit  for 
grand  tactics,  the  method  of  using  combined  ele- 
ments in  war,  for  superior  administration,  for  the 
activities  of  general  officers  who  should  think  in  big 
numbers  rather  than  in  terms  of  individual  units. 
That  unit  is  the  Division. 

This  is  the  military  unit  of  smallest  size  that  is 
complete  within  itself  for  campaign  operations.  It 
is  the  first  unit  as  we  progress  in  combining  elements 
that  contains  in  due  proportion  all  the  components 
of  the  service  necessary  to  military  operations.  In 
this  unit  is  a  complete  miniature  army,  with  full  ad- 
ministrative authority;  infantry,  machine  guns,  mo- 
bile artillery,  cavalry,  sanitary  service,  signal  serv- 
ice, engineer  element  and  supply  service,  all  com- 
plete. 

In  command  of  this  unit  we  find  for  the  first  time 
adequate  rank  and  proven  capacity  (or  should  find 
it)  for  big  military  problems,  in  a  Major  General. 


114  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

This  unit,  therefore,  is  the  fundamental  basis  for 
the  organization  of  the  training  school. 

This  unit  is  likewise  the  logical  basis  for  the  terri- 
torial divisions  into  which  the  training  school  will 
necessarily  be  divided,  and  which  will  correspond  to 
the  tactical  divisions  of  the  training  school.  Each 
territorial  division  will  contain  a  tactical  division. 
It  will  be  commanded  by  a  Major  General,  and 
divided  into  three  brigade  districts  for  the  infantry 
brigades  of  the  division,  while  the  other  troops,  the 
auxiliary  troops,  will  be  raised  at  large  within  the 
territorial  limits  of  the  division.  Each  of  these 
brigade  districts  will  expand  automatically  into  a 
division  in  time  of  war,  and  will  receive  its  due  share 
of  special  troops  from  the  central  training  school 
for  that  auxiliary,  according  to  the  assignment  of 
the  division  to  duty,  and  as  the  army  commander  (in 
time  of  peace  the  Major  General  of  the  original 
division)  may  determine. 

Each  division  will  have  a  central  training  school 
for  its  auxiliary  parts,  not  necessarily  all  located 
at  the  same  place ;  and  these,  as  well  as  the  training 
schools  for  the  infantry,  will  be  under  the  Major 
General  Commanding  the  division.  Each  brigade 
commander  will  automatically  become  a  division 
commander  of  an  expanded  brigade,  expanded  into 
a  division  of  infantry  by  the  assignment  to  duty  of 
its  Minute  Men  the  instant  the  war  becomes  immi- 
nent. Each  expanded  brigade,  or  war  division,  will 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  115 

be  completed  by  the  assignment  of  its  proper  share 
of  auxiliaries  by  the  commanding  general.  The 
whole  army  will  come  automatically  into  existence 
by  proclamation  of  the  President,  whenever  Con- 
gress may  so  authorize.  The  War  Department  will 
have  nothing  to  do  whatever  with  the  details  of  this 
organization  or  its  expansion  to  a  war  basis,  and, 
thus  relieved  of  a  mass  of  detail  that  should  never 
be  attended  to  in  any  war  department,  its  chiefs 
will  have  time  for  the  larger  questions  of  strategy 
and  war  policy  that  should  be  determined  in  the  war 
office  instead  of  in  the  newspaper  offices.  Let  us 
decentralize. 

We  have  already  allotted  the  equiva- 
Detmled  of  12  regiments  of  the  training 


school  components  to  the  coast  defense 
'°r  of  continental  United  States.    We  are 

now  to  determine  how  many  more 
should  be  assigned  for  special  purposes 
and  how  many  divisions  can  be  organized  in  the 
training  school.  We  can  not  do  better  in  this  allot- 
ment than  to  be  guided  by  experience,  stipulating 
for  sufficient  flexibility  of  organization  for  sub- 
sequent improvements.  The  question  of  flexibility 
of  organization  is  to  be  discussed  in  a  later  chapter, 
and  need  not  enter  into  the  summary  of  present 
experience.  The  summarized  experience  of  all  the 
military  men  of  all  time,  brought  down  to  date  as 
nearly  as  I  am  able  to  do  it,  indicates  the  following 


116  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

ratios  of  component  parts  of  an  army  division,  in 
terms  of  regimental  units  or  fractional  parts  there- 
of. 

Infantry 9. 

Cavalry 3. 

Mobile  Artillery 3. 

Separate  Machine  Gun  Corps 33^ 

Engineers 66§ 

Signalmen 66 

Sanitary 50 

Quartermaster  Corps 50 

Administrative  personnel 


Total  parts 18. 

We  have  estimated  for  the  equivalent  of  84  regi- 
ments, of  which  we  have  set  aside  12  regiments  for 
coast  defense.  This  leaves  the  equivalent  of  72 
regiments  to  be  divided  among  the  foregoing  ele- 
ments in  the  ratios  above  indicated  to  form  the  per- 
manent personnel  of  the  Training  School  for 
Minute  Men. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

ORGANIZATION,  CONTINUED. 

As  we  have  72  regiments  dispos- 
b our  Divisions  in    ,,     ,  1  .  ,         .        .        » 

^    .   .  able,  this  number  gives  just  four 

Trowing  School     -, .  .  .       f     , ,         .  .         ,     , 

divisions  for  the  training  school. 

The  tactical  and  the  territorial  division  will  be  com- 
bined for  simplicity.  Continental  United  States 
will,  therefore,  be  divided  into  four  territorial  divi- 
sions, and  one  tactical  division  of  the  training  school 
will  be  assigned  to  each  territorial  division.  Each 
territorial  division  will  have  one  complete  tactical 
division  of  the  training  school,  with  all  of  the  Per- 
manent Personnel  of  the  training  school  that 
belongs  to  that  work.  Each  of  these  divisions  will 
maintain  a  complete  training  school  system  for 
Minute  Men.  Each  will  provide  for  the  mobiliza- 
tion of  its  own  entire  personnel.  Each  will  attend 
to  all  the  details  of  organization,  both  in  peace  and 
in  war,  for  all  the  forces  assigned  to  or  trained 
within  it.  Each  will  be  complete  within  itself.  Each 
division  will  be  commanded  by  a  Major  General, 
who  will  have  all  the  subordinate  commanders  and 
staff  necessary  for  his  work.  He  will  have  an  ade- 
quate permanent  personnel  for  the  training  of  the 
Minute  Men  to  be  raised  in  his  division  and  in- 
structed by  it;  and  he  will  be  charged  with  the  duty 


118  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

of  preparing  it  for  war  and  commanding  it  when 
it  is  called  for  service  in  war. 

The  organization  of  the  coast  de- 
Coast  Defense  n  !  . 

tense  transient  personnel  centers  in 

each  coast  defense  district  about  the  Permanent 
Personnel,  which  will  be  located  in  the  permanent, 
fixed  fortifications  of  that  district.  At  these  points 
the  Minute  Men  of  that  coast  defense  district 
report  for  their  year  of  training ;  to  the  same  points 
they  report  at  once  when  the  President  issues  his 
proclamation  that  a  public  emergency  exists  that  re- 
quires the  mobilization  of  the  trained  Minute  Men 
of  the  nation.  They  will  serve  the  same  guns  at 
which  they  were  trained,  and  will  be  commanded 
by  the  same  officers  who  trained  them. 

In  each  territorial  division  will  be 
Organization  -,    .   .  ,     , .  T  .  , 

.  j^.  .  .  an   administrative   center   at   which 

'  will  be  established  the  instructional 

facilities  for  the  special  auxiliaries  of  that  division, 
and  to  which  will  report  those  members  of  the  tran- 
sient personnel  selected  for  assignment  to  these 
auxiliary  services,  such  as  sanitary  personnel,  signal- 
men, and  other  elements  enumerated  above  of 
minor  numerical  importance,  but  of  a  tactical  im- 
portance far  beyond  their  numerical  index.  Here 
also  will  be  the  administrative  center  of  the  tactical 
division,  charged  with  the  training  of  all  the  men  in 
the  division,  with  their  enrollment,  their  mobiliza- 
tion, the  supervision  of  their  supply  and  equipment, 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  119 

their  assignments  to  organizations  for  war  service, 
and  their  demobilization  at  the  end  of  their  service. 
.  .  Such  a  division  will  naturally  be  too 
large  to  handle  without  subdivisions. 
The  military  organization  of  the  division  into 
brigades  is  happily  adapted  to  such  subdivisions; 
the  logical  scheme  of  expansion  for  war  service  will 
fit  equally  well  into  a  rational  scheme  of  subdivision. 
The  special  units  will  be  provided  for  at  the  central 
place  of  administration,  though  the  actual  training 
schools  for  these  units  may  be  located  at  the  most 
convenient  point.  The  division,  therefore,  can  be 
logically  divided  into  three  districts,  each  of  which 
will  have  the  personnel  of  one  training  school 
brigade,  and  all  the  Minute  Men  that  will  be  trained 
by  that  personnel.  Each  of  these  will  be  under  the 
command  of  a  brigadier  general,  charged  with  the 
supervision  of  its  operations  in  time  of  peace,  with 
the  mobilization  of  its  entire  trained  force  for  war, 
and  with  the  command  of  that  force  in  the  cam- 
paign that  will  follow  its  mobilization.  The  Per- 
manent Personnel  will  be  charged  with  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  Minute  Men,  with  their  enrollment,  their 
assignment,  and  their  transfers  as  occasion  may 
require.  Each  district  will  be  a  complete  unit 
within  itself  as  far  as  the  infantry  service  is  con- 
cerned, and  will  furnish  the  infantry  organization 
for  one  complete  division  in  case  of  war.  The 
records  of  instruction,  assignment  and  transfers, 


120  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

for  the  special,  auxiliary  arms,  would  be  kept  at 
the  Division  Headquarters,  at  which  the  enrolled 
men  would  be  received  on  enrollment  cards  from 
the  district  headquarters  at  the  beginning  of  the 
school  year.  The  special  arms  would  thus  be  re- 
lieved entirely  of  the  labor  of  enrollment,  in  view  of 
the  extra  labor  which  they  will  have  to  properly  in- 
struct their  men  within  the  time  assigned  for  the 
purpose;  but  they  will  keep  all  records  pertaining 
to  their  own  men  after  their  enrollment. 

The  proper  proportion  of  this  ele- 
Machine  Gun  ment  is  one  b  a  1 1  a  1  i  o  n  to  each 
Component  brigade>  the  battalion  being  three 
companies  of  three  platoons  each,  the  whole  work- 
ing under  the  orders  of  the  brigade  commander. 
There  must  also  be  an  adequate  reserve  in  addi- 
tion to  the  foregoing  organization.  The  estimates 
for  the  infantry  regiments  above  given  include  one 
company  of  machine  guns  to  each  regiment,  as  now 
provided  in  the  Field  Service  Regulations  of  our 
army.  In  addition  the  proportional  parts  indicated 
also  provide  for  33 \%  of  a  regiment  in  numbers  to 
each  division  as  a  separate  machine  gun  corps. 
When  the  Field  Service  Regulations  shall  be 
amended  in  this  particular  so  as  to  separate  the 
machine  gun  service  from  infantry  and  cavalry 
these  estimates  will  give,  when  combined  in  a  separ- 
ate corps,  the  proper  pro  rata  allowance  of  machine 
guns  in  the  division. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  121 

This  machine  gun  organization  will  be  suscept- 
ible of  expansion  in  just  the  same  way  as  any  other 
part  of  the  system.  It  will  constitute  one  of  the 
special  units  of  auxiliary  troops  to  be  handled  at 
division  headquarters  in  time  of  peace,  and  will  be 
treated  as  a  separate  corps  in  the  rest  of  this  dis- 
cussion. 

.   .         Infantry  is  the  basis  of  all  armies.     It 

*     will  be  the  basis  of  this  training  school. 
The  territorial  division  of  the  country 

™  will  be  based  on  the  tactical  divisions 
of  the  infantry,  after  setting  aside  the  necessary 
districts  for  coast  defense.  The  whole  country 
(less  artillery  coast  defense  districts)  will  be  divided 
into  four  divisions.  Each  of  these  divisions  will  be 
subdivided  into  three  districts,  and  the  districts  may 
be  subdivided  into  subdistricts  for  the  regimental 
training  schools,  local  branches  of  the  great  national 
training  school.  To  each  territorial  division  will 
be  assigned  one  tactical  division  of  the  permanent 
Personnel  of  the  Training  School,  on  a  training 
school  basis  as  to  organization  and  numbers.  To 
each  district  will  be  assigned  one  brigade  of  this 
tactical  division,  and  to  each  subdistrict  one  regi- 
ment. Each  of  these  regiments  will  constitute  a 
local  or  regimental  branch  of  the  national  training 
school,  for  the  purpose  of  enrolling,  training,  equip- 
ping, assigning,  mobilizing  on  call  and  demobiliz- 


122  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

ing  at  expiration  of  the  emergency,  the  transient 
personnel,  or  Minute  Men  of  its  subdistrict. 

The  special  training  school  branches  required  in 
the  division  for  training  the  personnel  of  the  auxil- 
iary services  will  be  located  at  the  most  convenient 
points  within  the  district  for  the  purpose.  They 
may  be  managed  as  one  training  school  branch  in 
each  division  for  each  special  arm,  or  may  be  divided 
into  three  brigade  branches,  as  a  matter  of  conve- 
nience, to  be  determined  by  the  circumstances.  In 
general  it  will  be  better  to  make  one  such  branch  in 
each  division  than  to  split  these  special  schools  up 
into  brigade  branches.  The  proper  quota  of 
Minute  Men  students  will  be  supplied  for  each  of 
them  from  the  regimental  subdistricts ;  and  since 
the  only  object  is  to  so  assign  men  as  to  produce  the 
best  results  it  will  be  possible  to  send  to  these  special 
schools  men  who  desire  as  much  vocational  training 
in  their  military  course  as  possible. 

0  7     7    Each  company  of  this  training 
Training  School    school  wiu  consist  of  three 

Organization,         mmmiss{oned    officers    and    25 

Interior  •  i    j        u- 

picked    soldiers    as    permanent 

personnel,  organized  into  battalions,  regiments  and 
brigades  and  divisions  as  now  prescribed,  or  may  be 
hereafter  prescribed  in  the  Field  Service  Regula- 
tions. An  element  of  flexibility  is  to  be  introduced 
into  the  organization  in  this  way,  to  be  explained 
more  fully  in  the  next  chapter.  At  the  most  con- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  123 

venient  date  in  each  year  each  company  will  receive 
125  members  of  the  Transient  Personnel  for  a 
period  of  one  year,  to  be  trained  as  highly  as  possi- 
ble in  that  time.  These  trained  men  will  then  store 
their  fitted  equipments  and  take  the  status  of  fur- 
lough for  3  years  as  Minute  Men,  subject  to  call 
when  so  authorized  by  Congress. 

The  details  of  this  course  of  training 
Details  of  wiu  yar^  nQ  doubt>  in  different  arms 

of  the  service  and  in  one  year,  more  or 
less,  from  that  given  in  preceding  years.  There  is 
no  occasion  in  this  discussion  to  write  schedules  of 
training.  It  is  enough  to  indicate,  for  example, 
that  a  certain  period  will  be  devoted  to  enrollment 
and  organization;  then  a  period  of  theoretical  in- 
struction, as  at  West  Point;  then  one,  possibly  a 
month,  devoted  to  practical  work,  during  which 
designated  elements  of  the  f  urloughed  Minute  Men 
may  be  called  out  for  a  brief  review  of  their  pre- 
vious training,  and  to  become  acquainted  with  the 
new  personnel;  a  suitable  period  would  follow  for 
completing  the  year's  work  by  issuing  furloughs 
to  the  new  Minute  Men  who  had  just  completed 
their  year  of  training,  discharging  those  who  had 
completed  their  three  years  of  special  liability,  dis- 
banding the  transient  personnel,  storing  equipment, 
and  assigning  the  recently  furloughed  men  to  their 
proper  places  in  the  expanded  organization;  and, 


124  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

last,  a  period  of  rest  and  relaxation  during  which 
the  permanent  personnel  of  the  training  school 
would  enjoy  a  vacation  analogous  to  that  of  col- 
leges in  lieu  of  the  usual  leaves  of  absence  now 
given  to  officers. 

This  cycle  will  constitute  the  or- 
The  Year  Cycle;  dinary  year,g  work  f Qr  the  train_ 

Flexibility  of         ing  s^hool  f Qr  Minute  Men  The 

same  phase  of  the  cycle  need  not 
necessarily  be  in  progress  at  the  same  time  in  all  the 
divisions,  or  even  in  all  the  districts  of  a  division. 
That  is  a  matter  to  be  regulated  according  to  the 
climatic  and  industrial  conditions  in  each  district, 
and  this  flexibility  will  be  used  to  obtain  the  best 
results  in  each  district.  The  month  or  so,  for  exam- 
ple, for  practical  training  would  be  assigned  just 
before  the  period  of  demobilization  and  should  fall 
in  that  time  of  year  that  will  permit  the  maximum 
out-of-door  work  at  the  minimum  inconvenience 
industrially  to  the  furloughed  classes.  This  would 
cause  the  cycle  to  begin  at  different  times  of  the 
year  in  different  districts,  a  matter  of  consequence 
only  as  a  matter  of  convenience,  since  each  district 
can  be  made  practically  independent  of  all  the 
others  in  the  arrangement  of  its  schedules  of 

instruction. 

Two  of  these  periods  will  be  specially 
Enrollment     important    These  are  the  enronment 

and  the  demobilization  periods. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery.  125 

Since  we  have  reasserted  the  doctrine  of  obliga- 
tory military  service,  it  becomes  necessary  to  make 
and  keep  an  enrollment  of  all  male  citizens  of  mili- 
tary age.  This  will  be  one  of  the  most  tedious  and 
laborious  of  all  the  preliminary  jobs  by  which  the 
system  will  be  installed.  The  census  tables,  the 
grand  jury  lists  of  judicial  districts,  even  the  party 
lists  of  county  committees,  and  especially  the  lists 
that  can  be  furnished  by  postmasters,  will  give  the 
preliminary  data  for  this  work.  Dividing  the  whole 
country  into  divisions,  and  these  into  districts  and 
subdistricts,  with  reference  to  population  and  trans- 
portation facilities,  will  be  the  first  step  in  this  work. 
Then  will  come  the  assignment  of  the  proper  quotas 
of  the  Permanent  Personnel  to  their  respective  dis- 
tricts ;  but  before  this  can  be  done  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  reorganize  the  regular  army  upon  the  new 
basis. 

Deferring  discussion  of  army  re- 
Voluntary  ...  ,  J.u 

organization  and  assuming  that 
Enrollments  -,.  .  .,  ,.  ,  ,  «  ., 

distribution  has  been  made  of  the 

Permanent  Personnel  of  the  training  school,  then 
will  come  the  call  for  voluntary  enrollments  in 
the  training  school.  This  must  be  made  in  a 
campaign  of  publicity  in  order  to  familiarize 
the  American  people  with  the  idea.  The  offi- 
cers and  men  of  the  training  school  must  be  used 
to  make  practically  a  personal  canvass  of  their 
territory,  explaining  to  everybody  just  what  the 


126  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

new  training  school  is,  what  it  will  teach,  how  it  will 
proceed,  and  what  liability  to  military  service  will 
be  incurred  by  voluntary  enrollment,  what  advan- 
tages will  follow  voluntary  enrollment,  and  what 
disadvantages  will  result  from  drafted  service.  A 
strong  appeal  to  the  latent  patriotism  of  the  people 
must  be  made.  The  high  standards  of  the  regular 
service  must  be  exhibited  to  the  people  by  the  con- 
duct of  these  officers  and  men,  and  every  possible 
appeal  made  to  the  public  intelligence  in  order  that 
its  citizens  shall  loyally  support  the  only  system  that 
can  ever  enable  the  country  to  defend  itself.  Right 
along  with  this  canvassing  campaign  can  be  con- 
ducted the  first  enumeration  of  all  those  liable  to 
military  service. 

At  a  fixed  date  it  would  be  necessary 

,   ,a'  to  close  this  canvassing  campaign. 

Minute  Men     r™,  i          n       i  n 

The  number  of  voluntary  enroll- 
ments for  the  first  class  would  then  be  known, 
there  would  be  a  list  of  all  citizens  liable  to 
military  service  who  had  not  volunteered,  and  it 
would  be  possible  to  select  from  this  list  those 
who  must  be  drafted  to  complete  the  first  an- 
nual class.  There  are  many  ways  in  which  this 
draft  could  be  made.  All  of  a  certain  age  might 
be  taken,  enough  to  insure  complete  classes  with  a 
surplus;  then  exemptions  could  be  made  from  this 
list  to  reduce  it ;  and  out  of  the  remainder  the  neces- 
sary number  could  be  chosen  by  lot.  Other  and 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  127 

better  plans  may  be  suggested;  but  there  would  be 
no  difficulty  in  devising  a  plan  that  would  insure 
the  completion  of  the  annual  class.  This  is  a  ques- 
tion of  the  ability  of  the  nation  to  live;  a  question 
where  the  inclinations  of  the  individual,  and  his  pri- 
vate interests,  must  give  way  for  the  general  good 
of  the  whole  country.  The  nation  has  a  right  to  the 
services  of  her  citizens  in  war;  and  it  has  an  equal 
riofht  to  require  them  to  take  the  necessary  personal 
training  to  make  their  services  efficient.  The  re- 
quired training  cannot  be  given  in  time  of  war  with- 
out paying  a  frightful  penalty  for  unpreparedness, 
and  possibly  meeting  national  disaster  as  a  result  of 
it.  Therefore,  the  rights,  if  they  have  any  rights, 
of  the  few  must  give  way  in  order  that  the  rights 
(as  they  surely  have)  of  the  many  may  be  served. 
With  the  annual  class  thus  completed,  the  train- 
ing school  would  proceed  to  the  execution  of  its 
instructional  program;  and  from  that  time  all  its 
operations  would  proceed  upon  well  ordered  lines 
of  activity. 

In  the  course  of  this  preliminary 
enumeration  of  those  liable  to  mili- 
tary service  it  would  be  expedient  to  create  a  card 
index  covering  the  whole  population  of  each  dis- 
trict, at  least  the  whole  military  population.  The 
creation  of  this  card  index  would  require  the  assign- 
ment of  certain  members  of  the  permanent  personnel 


128  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

to  this  particular  duty.  Possibly  it  might  be  that 
the  Census  Bureau  could  be  usefully  employed  on 
this  duty  in  connection  with  the  training  school,  to 
avoid  duplication  of  labor  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment ;  but  if  not,  the  military  personnel  could  keep 
its  own  records.  Provision  should  be  made  so  that 
the  card  of  any  person  could  be  forwarded  from  one 
district  to  another  upon  change  of  residence,  so  that 
no  man  could  evade  his  military  duty  by  mere 
change  of  residence.  This  is  the  weakest  element  in 
any  militia  system;  for  if  Private  John  Smith,  of 
the  militia  of  Ohio,  sees  fit  to  remove  his  residence 
to  Indiana,  there  is  no  federal  law  by  which  Smith 
can  be  held  to  his  military  obligation  in  Ohio,  and 
no  mere  state  law  can  cover  the  case.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  this  defect  of  our  militia  system  is  frequently 
resorted  to  by  men  who  wish  to  drop  their  duty  as 
members  of  the  militia. 

These  card  index  records  and  their  permanent 
clerks  would  become  the  key  to  the  whole  system  of 
National  Defense ;  and  if,  at  a  later  date,  the  num- 
ber of  voluntary  enrollments  should  be  inadequate, 
this  office  force  would  be  charged  with  the  duty  of 
drawing  the  additional  number  of  cards  required 
to  complete  the  annual  training  school  class,  and 
with  notifying  the  selected  men  when  and  where  to 
report  for  duty. 

.          Of  course  there  would  be  certain  ex- 
Eocemptio',       emptions  by  law>    A11  countries  have 

that  feature.    Such  a  feature  is  properly  based  upon 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  129 

the  fact  that  the  exempted  person  is  rendering 
equivalent  necessary  service  to  the  nation  that  must 
go  on  in  time  of  war,  or  has  some  disability  that 
would  prevent  him  from  rendering  effective  mili- 
tary service.  The  only  support  of  a  family;  the 
student  who  is  pursuing  an  equivalent  course  of  in- 
struction in  a  military  or  professional  school,  the 
profession  being  one  useful  to  the  national  defense ; 
the  cripple;  the  member  of  the  militia  actually  en- 
rolled and  performing  his  militia  duty  according  to 
law;  these  would  be  exempt  from  draft.  The  ex- 
emption of  militiamen  from  draft  would  at  once  fill 
up  the  ranks  of  that  organization  with  competent 
men  and  put  new  life  into  the  organized  militia. 
The  passage  of  a  suitable  pay  bill  for  the  militia,  by 
which  the  Federal  Government  would  give  to  that 
body  of  patriotic  men  reasonable  recognition  for 
their  valuable  and  patriotic  services,  would  complete 
a  chain  of  help  for  the  militia  which  would  make  it  a 
really  effective  body  in  the  National  Defense,  to  be 
used,  as  it  was  properly  used  in  the  beginning  of  the 
government,  for  local  defense  for  emergencies,  and 
for  the  three  purposes  mentioned  in  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  There  are  many  able-bodied 
citizens  who  would  gladly  serve  in  the  militia,  under 
the  constitutional  restrictions,  who  could  not  and 
would  not  willingly  undertake  the  wider  liability  of 
oversea  or  expeditionary  service;  service  which 
might  be  required  for  the  offensive  defense  of  the 


130  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

country  in  time  of  war,  the  "carrying  of  the  war  into 
Africa"  which  is  sometimes  the  best  possible  defense, 
but  which  might  be  imcompatible  with  their  personal 
necessities,  and  yet  perfectly  compatible  with  local 
service,  a  necessary  service  which  must  be  rendered 
in  order  to  permit  other  bodies  of  troops  to  make  the 
offensive  return  which  may  decide  the  war. 

Possibly  the  Civil  War  expedient  of  hiring  a  sub- 
stitute might  be  permitted  under  some  restriction. 
Provided  the  substitute  be  an  acceptable  man,  and 
the  exempt  be  a  useful  citizen  in  some  other  direc- 
tion, there  might  be  sound  reasons  why  such  sub- 
stitution could  be  permitted  in  many  cases.  The 
system  should  be  flexible  in  such  particulars. 
Regulations  would  be  prescribed  to  govern  this 
subject,  and  would  be  amended  from  time  to  time; 
but  the  institution  of  a  card  index  enumeration 
would  be  the  first  preliminary  work  of  the  training 
school  personnel,  the  basis  of  all  this  application  of 
the  law,  and  its  maintenance  up  to  date  from  year 
to  year  would  be  an  important  routine  duty. 
Whatever  might  be  the  regulations  as  to  exemp- 
tions, the  drawings  should  be  absolutely  impartial, 
and  the  exemptions  should  be  impartially  accorded 
to  all  citizens.  I  am  aware  that  this  proposition  is 
likely  to  be  the  stumbling  block  in  the  adoption  of 
this  plan  for  the  National  Defense;  but  no  plan 
can  be  effective  that  does  not  make  sure  provision 
for  the  annual  classes.  There  must  reside  in  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  131 

Federal  Government  the  right  and  the  power,  as 
there  does  reside  in  it  the  undoubted  duty,  to  pro- 
vide adequately  for  the  National  Defense.  It  is  a 
matter  of  self  preservation,  of  self  defense,  that  we 
are  considering.  The  very  ability  of  the  nation  to 
live  is  at  stake  in  this  thing.  Nothing  less  than  the 
above  provisions  will  be  effective;  therefore,  since 
these  are  the  irreducible  minimum  conditions  of  na- 
tional self  defense,  they  must  be  complied  with  by 
the  Congress  and  the  American  People. 

Immediately  upon  the  arrival  of  the 
ssue  oj  annual  class  at  the  designated  ren- 

qmpri  dezvous    would    come    their    assign- 

ment to  duty  and  the  issue  to  them,  as  soon  as  they 
could  be  made  ready  to  care  for  it,  of  their  arms 
and  equipment.  First  would  be  the  selection  and 
assignment  of  the  quotas  necessary  for  the  special 
arms,  to  be  sent  to  the  division  schools  for  these 
auxiliaries,  and  there  to  be  at  once  entered  upon  the 
proper  course  of  training  for  their  special  services. 
The  issue  of  equipments  would  be  a  permanent 
issue,  to  be  kept  for  the  same  man  during  the  whole 
period  of  his  military  service.  This  would  elimi- 
nate one  of  the  most  tedious  delays  met  with  here- 
tofore in  the  organization  of  volunteers.  The 
soldier  would  retain  and  use  this  equipment  during 
his  whole  year  at  the  training  school,  and  it  would 
then  be  stored,  properly  tagged  with  his  name,  at 
the  rendezvous,  ready  for  immediate  use  by  him 


132  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

upon  emergency  call.  Even  his  shoes  would  be 
fitted  and  broken  into  service  in  time  of  peace;  a 
small,  but  exceedingly  important  detail,  for  it  goes 
directly  to  the  initial  marching  ability  of  troops  in 
time  of  war  when  marching  ability  is  of  the  utmost 
importance. 

At  the  close  of  the  training  year  would 

come  two  important  details  of  organiza- 
burlough    tion  work      The  first  of  these  wQuld  be 

Provision    ^  completion  of  the  cards  of  the  fur_ 

lough  class.  This  would  include  notation  of  pro- 
ficiency, indication  of  any  special  qualifications, 
permanent  assignment  of  the  man  to  company, 
regiment  and  brigade,  his  rank  and  designation  of 
the  rendezvous  to  which  he  would  report  upon  issue 
of  the  President's  proclamation,  and  his  postoffice 
address.  A  copy  of  this  card  would  be  given  to  the 
man  as  his  furlough  authority,  a  copy  filed  with  the 
card  index  of  the  organization  to  which  he  was  as- 
signed, and  a  copy  filed  with  the  general  card  index 
of  men  liable  to  military  service.  One  card  form 
would  be  sufficient  for  all  this  work,  and  the  filling 
out  of  this  card  form  would  begin  with  the  first 
enumeration  of  the  districts. 

The    other    vitally    important    duty 

.te      '        would   be   to    secure   the   arms   and 

^    P  '  equipments  of  the  furloughed  men, 

put  them  in  proper  shape  for  storage,  and  place 

them  in  suitable  warehouses  in  due  order  with  all 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  133 

that  pertains  to  the  assigned  organization.  The 
more  carefully  this  work  be  done  the  more  perfect 
will  be  the  mobilization  when  there  is  an  emergency. 
By  this  system  practically  all  the  labor  of  mobiliza- 
tion will  be  done  at  the  end  of  the  school  year,  and 
when  the  time  for  action  comes  nothing  will  be 
necessary  but  the  proclamation.  The  special 
branches  of  the  training  school  for  the  auxiliary  ser- 
vices would  proceed  in  exactly  the  same  way  through 
the  annual  cycle.  They  would  tag  and  sort  equip- 
ments in  the  same  way,  and  would  be  ready  for  ac- 
tion just  as  quickly  as  the  infantry  under  this 
system. 


CHAPTER  X. 

In  the  military  art,  as  in  all  other 
General  n  , 

arts,  tools  and  equipments  are  be- 
Considerations  -  ^  •  i 

mg  constantly  improved,  new  tools 

are  being  designed,  and  new  applications  of  old 
ideas  constantly  made.  It  is  therefore  an  error  to 
fix  our  organizations  by  statutory  requirements  and 
limitations  so  they  cannot  be  changed  to  meet  the 
new  conditions.  This  is  one  of  the  most  serious 
errors  that  has  handicapped  the  development  of  the 
National  Defense  in  our  country;  that  and  the 
lack  of  adequate  sanction  for  experimental  work. 
As  an  illustration  of  how  this  rigidity 

fi^ Defect  °f  System  W°rks'  take  the  eff°rt  to 
'  '        develop  the  machine  gun  service,  with 

which  I  am  familiar. 

In  1897,  the  project  of  organizing  a  machine  gun 
service  was  reduced  to  proper  form,  and  submitted 
to  the  Commandant  of  the  Ft.  Leavenworth  School 
(General  Hamilton  S.  Hawkins),  by  whom  every 
possible  encouragement  was  given  to  continue  the 
special  studies  along  that  line.  He  submitted  the 
plans  to  the  Faculty,  by  which  these  plans  were 
favorably  considered  and  he  forwarded  the  plans 
to  the  War  Department  with  a  favorable  endorse- 
ment, recommending  that  they  be  developed. 
Nothing  came  of  it.  There  was  no  statutory  sane- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  135 

tion  for  any  such  experiment,  or  for  the  necessary 
organization. 

The  War  with  Spain  came  on.  Even  then  there 
was  no  sanction  for  a  new  thing  that  had  been 
favorably  considered  by  the  ablest  body  of  tactical 
experts  then  in  our  service.  Application  after  ap- 
plication to  move  along  that  line  was  turned  down, 
and  the  applicant  was  made  to  feel  severely  that  he 
was  in  strong  disfavor,  by  reason  of  his  activity 
along  a  line  that  did  not  meet  with  the  favor  of 
those  in  authority.  The  preliminary  steps  for  an 
organization  had  to  be  covered  under  the  pretext  of 
a  detail  for  duty  at  the  Ordnance  Depot,  by  which 
means  a  dozen  men  were  got  together  who  were 
willing  to  learn  how  to  use  a  machine  gun  as  an 
extra  piece  of  work  in  addition  to  strenuous  duty. 

The  time  came  for  the  expedition  to  Santiago  to 
embark.  This  unofficial  organization  was  omitted 
from  the  orders  for  embarkation,  was  left  stranded 
as  a  depot  guard,  and  had  to  be  smuggled  aboard 
ship  in  the  technical  status  of  "absent  without  leave" 
from  their  assigned  station  and  duty  at  the  depot, 
a  status  that  ten  days  would  convert  into  the  more 
serious  status  of  "Desertion  in  time  of  war."  These 
men  accepted  this  risk,  just  as  they  afterward  ac- 
cepted the  chances  of  battle,  in  order  to  render  a 
service  unprecedented  in  warfare,  the  demonstra- 
tion to  superiors  who  were  unwilling  to  see  it  of 
a  new  arm  of  the  service,  a  new  weapon  in  offensive 
warfare. 


136  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

Without  a  chance  to  fire  a  single  shot  in  target 
practice,  they  broke  the  back  of  Spanish  resistance 
at  the  critical  moment  when  victory  or  defeat 
depended  upon  their  efforts.  They  created  a  new 
epoch  in  warfare  that  is  now  recognized  on  all  the 
battle  lines  in  Europe,  and  outlined  a  correct  system 
of  organization  for  a  new  arm  of  the  service  that  has 
just  received  the  absolute  recognition  of  England 
after  a  year  of  experience  with  all  sorts  of  substi- 
tutes for  the  correct  thing. 

But  they  did  all  this  without  recognition,  without 
orders,  in  the  face  of  jeers  and  official  opposition 
of  the  most  galling  kind,  at  the  risk  of  being  classed 
as  "Deserters"  in  the  face  of  the  enemy. 

It  should  not  be  necessary  for  any 
A  Hidebound  ,u.       ,    a  i  ,  .,  -, 

new  thing  to  nght  its  way  under  such 

^  difficulties  in  any  sound  organization. 

But  there  is  worse  to  tell.  For  17  years  since  that 
time  it  has  been  the  same  uphill  work  to  secure  any 
sort  of  organization  for  the  machine  gun  service, 
some  sort  of  legal  status  for  it,  and  still  the  fight  is 
unsuccessful.  In  1905,  after  substantially  every 
other  great  nation  in  the  world  had  adopted  some 
sort  of  machine  gun  organization,  one  was  proposed 
for  the  United  States,  only  to  be  met  with  the  ob- 
jection that  the  organization  of  our  army  is  pre- 
scribed by  statute,  and  that  no  legal  sanction  for 
any  such  organization  was  in  existence.  This  ob- 
jection, of  course,  was  raised  by  officials  who  did 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  137 

not  want  to  see  any  such  organization,  either  because 
they  were  professionally  so  far  behind  the  times  that 
they  did  not  see  the  necessity,  or  else  because  they 
did  not  want  to  be  bothered  with  the  work  of  or- 
ganizing a  new  thing. 

After  months  of  study  to  find  a  way  around  this 
technical  objection,  a  way  was  found  to  accomplish 
something,  a  very  unsatisfactory  thing,  but  still 
something,  under  cover  of  legal  sanction,  that  was 
never  intended  by  the  statesmen  who  enacted  the 
law. 

A  plan  was  drafted  in  1906,  and  submitted  to 
President  Roosevelt,  proposing  that  he  cause  the 
necessary  guns  to  be  bought  as  "equipment"  of  in- 
fantry and  cavalry  which  is  not  prescribed  by  Act 
of  Congress;  and  that  he  then  order  the  necessary 
number  of  infantrymen  and  cavalrymen  detailed  to 
work  these  guns,  under  his  general  authority.  The 
organizations  thus  formed  had  to  be  designated  as 
"provisional."  It  was  found  that  this  could  be  done 
without  such  a  transgression  of  the  law  as  would 
entail  the  impeachment  of  the  President  by  a  hos- 
tile Congress.  It  so  happened  that  Colonel  Roose- 
velt believed  in  the  proposed  use  of  such  guns,  be- 
cause he  had  personal  knowledge  of  their  use  at 
Santiago,  and  that  on  this  one  occasion  he  followed 
his  personal  views,  in  spite  of  all  opposition,  being 
absolutely  sure  that  even  in  this  objectionable  form 
the  provisional  organization  would  give  a  good  ac- 


138  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

count  of  itself  in  action.  Thus  a  system  of  "pro- 
visional" platoons  was  established  in  1906,  but  ab- 
solutely without  legal  status. 

As  expected,  the  evils  of  this  imperfect  system  of 
organization  led  to  so  much  protest  that  by  1908, 
it  was  necessary  to  make  some  new  move  to  save  the 
situation;  so  a  "provisional"  company  was  proposed 
for  experimental  work,  under  the  same  color  of 
legal  sanction.  Again  receiving  the  aid  of  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt,  based  as  before  on  his  personal 
knowledge  of  the  fighting  value  of  such  an  organi- 
zation, it  was  found  possible  to  crystallize  public 
sentiment  in  favor  of  the  retention  of  the  provi- 
sional platoon  organization,  in  spite  of  its  obvious 
defects,  in  order  that  our  army  might  not  be  totally 
deficient  in  this  element  of  the  service. 

Similar  conditions  are  met  with  in  other  depart- 
ments of  the  service. 

All  officers  who  exhibit  originality  and  enter- 
prise have  similar  experiences.  It  is  on  a  par  with 
the  custom  of  department  clerks  to  make  it  hot  for 
any  clerk  who  works  overtime,  or  works  more  effi- 
ciently than  themselves,  "make  it  hot"  for  him, 
because  his  example  may  mean  increased  work  arid 
higher  standards  for  them. 

A  fundamental  defect  of  our  system  is  indicated. 
Instead  of  penalizing  originality,  progressiveness, 
and  "Vision,"  there  should  be  means  provided  in 
our  system  by  which  these  qualities  would  be  en- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  139 

couraged  and  rewarded  by  suitable  recognition.  A 
way  is  proposed  in  this  discussion,  by  which  this 
can  be  done  without  detriment  to  the  interests  or 
promotion  of  others. 

.  If  the  stress  laid  on  this  point  seems 

or  to  be  out  of  place  and  unreasonable, 
remember  that  on  this  point  hangs 
the  whole  question  of  adequate  pre- 
paration for  National  Defense.  Unless  we  make 
suitable  provision  for  experimental  work,  and 
for  the  adoption  and  application  of  its  results 
when  demonstrated  to  be  sound,  with  adequate 
recognition  for  those  who  do  such  work,  however 
well  we  may  prepare  on  the  basis  of  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  military  art,  we  shall  be  just  as 
badly  outstripped  in  a  few  years  in  some  new  direc- 
tion as  we  have  been  distanced  in  the  last  few 
years  in  the  machine  gun  service  and  in  the  aero 
service.  Both  of  these  originated  in  our  own  coun- 
try, and  both  have  been  brought  to  a  high  state  of 
perfection  in  Europe,  while  we  have  stood  still  on 
account  of  the  absolute  unadaptability  of  our  mili- 
tary system  to  utilize  new  devices  or  new  methods. 

The  thing  above  all  other  things 
The  Vital  Thing  ..  T  .    ,, e 

&  vital,  supremely  important,  is  that 

we  should  have  a  system  by  which  we  can  utilize 
the  fruits  of  our  own  ingenuity  and  keep  other 
countries  from  stealing  our  ideas  and  inventions. 
There  is  no  desire  here  to  censure  any  individual, 


140  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

but  to  call  attention  to  a  condition;  to  focus  atten- 
tion upon  a  grave  defect  of  system,  in  the  hope  of 
bringing  about  improvement,  bringing  about  the 
adoption  of  a  system  whereby  improvements  in  the 
military  art,  originating  with  Americans,  can  be 
utilized  by  some  means  less  cumbersome  than  the 
education  of  the  non-military  American  Public 
into  an  overwhelming  political  demand  for  action 
by  Congress.  That  method  is  too  slow,  too  public, 
and  insures  that  the  other  fellow  will  "beat  us 
to  it"  every  time. 

If  we  were  to  accept  the  schedule  of  organiza- 
tions above  indicated  as  correct,  without  some  pro- 
vision that  would  permit  of  readjustment  as  the 
art  of  war  is  developed,  and  were  to  enact  this 
scheme  into  statute  by  Act  of  Congress,  parts  of 
this  legislation  would  begin  to  be  obsolete  before  the 
statute  could  be  printed.  No  matter  what  form  of 
organization  be  adopted  now,  if  we  incorporate  in 
the  statute  a  reasonable  provision  for  flexibility  of 
organization,  for  elasticity  to  meet  and  adopt  and  to 
develop  improvements,  then  this  system  can  be 
brought  up  to  date  and  kept  up  to  date.  Such  a 
provision  is  far  more  important  than  the  form  of 
organization  that  may  exist,  or  may  be  adopted  at 
any  given  time. 

Of  course  the  reply  is  that  provision  already 
exists  through  the  Board  of  Ordnance  and  Fortifi- 
cation, the  Ordnance  Department  and  the  Quarter- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  141 

master  Department,  for  such  developments.  But 
the  fact  remains  that  in  spite  of  all  these  channels, 
and  in  spite  of  all  these  explanations,  the  present 
means  are  not  effective.  So  long  as  those  who  labor 
to  devise  new  things  only  succeed  in  preparing  our 
possible  enemies  to  use  them,  as  has  been  the  case 
in  the  machine  gun  service  and  in  the  aero  service, 
so  long  as  their  ideas,  like  the  social  elect  of  the 
"400,"  must  have  the  stamp  "Approved  in  Ger- 
many" or  "Approved  Abroad"  upon  them  in  order 
to  be  recognized  and  adopted  in  our  own  country, 
so  long  as  there  is  even  a  general  impression  (which 
there  is  without  a  doubt)  that  no  idea  stands  a 
chance  of  adoption  unless  it  originates  in  the  de- 
partment concerned,  that  long  our  system  is  fatally 
defective. 

There  must  be  some  sort  of  a  board  of  review 
for  such  things  that  can  take  them  out  of  the  hands 
of  the  interested  departments,  in  which  the  officials 
are  only  too  apt  to  feel  that  any  suggestion  for 
improvement  that  does  not  originate  with  them  is 
a  reflection  upon  themselves,  not  to  be  tolerated  for 
a  moment.  That  is  the  kernel  of  the  nut,  say  what 
you  will;  and  the  decision  in  all  such  matters  must 
be  made  by  disinterested  experts  who  are  above  such 
petty  considerations. 

Possibly  Secretary  Daniels  may  have  rendered  a 
very  great  service  to  the  country  by  the  organiza- 
tion of  his  Board  of  Advisory  Technical  Experts. 


142  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

The  mere  existence  of  such  a  board  will  tend  to 
secure  a  fair  hearing  for  new  ideas  such  as  they 
have  never  had  in  the  past.  But  this  advisory 
Board  of  Experts  is  not  a  complete  solution.  The 
President  should  have  statutory  power  to  regulate 
the  matter,  and  to  reserve  for  the  exclusive  use  of 
the  United  States  all  valuable  products  of  Ameri- 
can Genius  that  can  be  utilized  in  its  defense.  This 
cannot  be  justly  done  without  adequate  power  to 
suitably  reward  the  inventors  or  discoverers  of  such 
devices  or  ideas.  There  is  no  sound  reason  why 
officers  of  the  army  and  navy  should  be  exempt  from 
the  benefits  of  such  a  law.  The  products  of  inven- 
tive genius  or  original  research  are  above  and  out- 
side of  routine  duty.  That  is  the  very  theory  on 
which  patents  and  copyrights  are  based.  The  reward 
for  them  should  be  above  and  beyond  the  regular 
stipend  paid  for  routine  service.  The  government 
might  exercise  a  right  analogous  to  that  of  "Emi- 
nent Domain"  in  such  cases,  but  that  right  is  not 
invoked  without  suitable  appraisement  and  reim- 
bursement. 

Great  stress  has  been  laid  upon  this  point,  because 
it  is  thought  to  be  the  supreme  defect  of  our  system, 
or  lack  of  system.  With  adequate  provisions  to 
correct  this  defect  all  other  needed  improvements 
will  follow  as  a  matter  of  course,  provided  we  do 
not  tie  up  the  new  organization  by  statutory  enact- 
ments as  to  details,  but  leave  it  free  to  adopt  and 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  143 

utilize  the  products  of  American  Genius.  Without 
correction  of  this  vital  defect,  we  can  never  have  a 
system  of  National  Defense  that  will  be  up  to  date. 
Republican  institutions  do  not  lend  themselves 
readily  to  prompt  adoption  of  improvements.  They 
are  really  more  conservative  than  autocratic  govern- 
ments in  such  matters.  An  edict  from  the  Mikado, 
adopted  our  machine  gun  system  in  July,  1908, 
before  the  report  on  the  original  Machine  Gun 
Company  could  be  completed.  A  Ukase  from  the 
Czar  makes  a  national  change  in  habits  overnight. 
A  military  order  from  the  Kaiser  is  sufficient  to 
develop  aero  and  submarine  service  as  quickly  as 
human  ingenuity  and  German  thoroughness  can 
do  it.  But  in  our  country,  under  present  conditions, 
specific  authority  from  Congress  is  necessary  for 
the  change  of  the  most  insignificant  detail  of  mili- 
tary organization.  Each  department  of  the  mili- 
tary service  is  pulling  with  all  its  might  for  what 
it  can  get  for  its  own  little  interest,  and  this  is  ac- 
centuated by  a  wretched  system  of  promotion  which 
fixes  the  whole  personal  interest  of  each  officer  upon 
the  augmentation  of  his  own  little  special  branch 
of  the  service.  The  Member  of  Congress  who  seeks 
for  military  advice  from  two  different  departments, 
is  sure  to  hear  two  different  sets  of  arguments,  each 
hostile  to  the  other,  both  from  public  and  selfish 
interest;  and  if  he  extends  his  inquiries  to  other 
departments  his  activity  will  develop  just  as  many 


144  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

lines  of  special  pleading  as  he  enters  different  de- 
partments. The  creation  of  a  great  popular  demand 
for  specific  legislation,  is  always  very  difficult. 

Proposed  Law  on  this  Subject.     Be  it  enacted, 
etc. 

1.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  prescribe 
all  needful  rules  and  regulations,  from  time  to  time, 
for  the  military  forces  of  the  United  States,  and 
to  make  such  changes  in  organization  as  he  may 
see   fit;  provided  that  the  annual  appropriations 
made  by  Congress  shall  not  be  exceeded  as  a  result 
of  any  such  change  of  regulations  or  of  organiza- 
tion. 

2,  The  President  shall  have  power  to  consider 
and  to  test  any  new  idea  or  invention,  whether  of 
equipment,  ordnance,  tactics  or  organization,  under 
such  regulations  as  he  may  prescribe  from  time  to 
time.    Provided,  that  if  as  a  result,  any  such  idea, 
device,  equipment  or  other  suggestion,  be  found  to 
have  a  military  value,  the  President  shall  have  power 
to  cause  the  same  to  be  reserved  for  the  exclusive 
use  of  the  United  States,  and  to  determine  in  what 
manner  and  by  what  amount  the  author  or  inventor 
of  such  device,  idea  or  suggestion,  shall  be  rewarded 
by  the  United  States. 

The  contractor  who  built  the  Banker's 

.        -j  mansion,  used  the  very  best  and  latest 

Continued  toois  and  materials.    If  he  had  not  done 

so,  the  Supervising  Architect  would  have  protested. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  145 

The  contractor  also  employed  the  most  competent 
workmen  he  could  find.  Again,  if  he  had  not  done 
so,  the  Supervising  Architect  would  have  protested 
to  the  Banker.  On  this  protest  the  Banker  would 
justly  have  cancelled  the  contract  and  employed 
another  contractor.  In  using  these  materials  and 
men,  the  contractor  would  have  used  the  latest,  best, 
and  surest  methods.  Again,  if  he  had  not  done  so 
the  Supervising  Architect  would  have  made  a  pro- 
test, and  the  methods  would  have  been  brought  up 
to  date  or  a  new  contractor  employed. 

.         Now,  in  this  analogy  Congress  may 
Applications  represent  the  Banker,  the  President 

the  Contractor,  and  the  Secretary  of 
War  the  Supervising  Architect.  Construction  of 
the  edifice  of  National  Security  from  Predatory 
Attack — which  no  man  since  August  1914,  may 
deny  to  be  a  danger  that  threatens  our  country- 
is  surely  worthy  of  at  least  as  much  care  as  the  con- 
struction of  a  house  for  a  private  banker.  In  our 
analogy,  we  have  strained  nothing.  Let  us  apply 
the  deductions  honestly,  no  matter  where  the  shoe 
pinches.  We  must  have  an  honest  Contractor,  who 
really  intends  to  construct  a  satisfactory  National 
Defense,  and  not  to  merely  use  that  national  neces- 
sity as  a  means  to  gain  advantage  in  politics.  We 
must  have  a  competent  Supervising  Architect ;  com- 
petent from  a  military  point  of  view,  one  who  knows 
the  business  just  as  well  as  the  Supervising  Archi- 


146  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

tect  that  the  Banker  would  employ,  not  one  who 
is  merely  a  good  lawyer  or  a  good  judge  or  an 
astute  politician.  For  the  sure  elaboration  of  a 
sure  National  Defense,  the  country  needs  a  Secre- 
tary of  War  who  is  technically  competent  to  super- 
vise military  work,  not  merely  an  amiable  man  or 
one  distinguished  in  some  other  profession. 

It  will  also  be  necessary  to  provide  for  the  best 
and  latest  equipment,  not  in  a  piecemeal,  haphazard 
fashion,  but  as  liberally  as  the  work  demands,  and 
as  fast  as  it  can  be  used.  When  would  that  Banker's 
mansion  have  been  built  if  the  materials  had  been 
doled  out  scrap  by  scrap,  with  long  intervals  of 
delay  before  each  issue;  and  how  much  would  the 
cost  be  increased  by  such  a  method  of  supplying 
the  material?  The  nation  needs  this  edifice  of  se- 
curity from  predatory  attack  a  good  deal  worse 
than  the  Banker's  Family  needed  the  new  house. 
The  Banker  could  rent  a  house,  or  buy  one  that 
would  serve  his  necessities  temporarily,  or  could  go 
to  a  hotel.  The  nation  cannot  do  any  of  the  things 
that  would  correspond  to  these  expedients,  and  just 
as  surely  as  some  nation  or  group  of  nations  is  go- 
ing to  come  out  of  this  European  War  with  advan- 
tage, just  that  surely  our  country  is  going  to  be 
called  upon  to  settle  a  big  score  of  grievances  and 
to  defend  the  integrity  of  the  Western  Hemisphere 
which  will  be  attacked  under  the  pretext  of  Mexican 
intervention  or  adjustment  of  claims  growing  out 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  147 

of  the  existing  disorders  in  that  country.  Unless 
we  supply  all  the  necessary  materials,  employ  the 
best  talent  we  have  on  the  job,  and  utilize  the  ser- 
vices of  a  technically  capable  man  for  Supervising 
Architect,  we  shall  be  absolutely  at  the  mercy  of 
any  such  aggression,  and  the  bill  will  be  many  times 
over  more  than  it  would  cost  to  make  adequate 
preparation  to  meet  the  emergency,  and  make  that 
preparation  while  there  is  yet  time  enough  to  do  it. 
This  provision  must  include  adequate  flexibility  of 
organization  and  equipment,  on  the  lines  above  in- 
dicated, to  be  successful. 

A  little  discussion  will  make  this  clearer 

°'    to  the  non-military  reader.  Equipments 
Equipment  yajy  from  age  to  age>     TQ  ^  Greek 

phalanx,  the  16-foot  spear;  to  the  Roman  legion, 
the  throwing  javelin  and  the  short  sword;  to  the 
mailed  Crusader,  his  armor,  mace,  battle  axe,  lance 
and  the  long  sword;  to  Frederick's  Grenadiers,  the 
matchlock  and  the  bayonet;  to  Napoleon,  over- 
whelming artillery ;  to  William  of  Prussia  the  needle 
gun ;  to  his  grandson,  William  of  Germany,  the  ma- 
chine gun,  the  taube,  asphyxiating  gas,  submarines, 
20-mile  artillery,  wireless  communication,  the  motor 
transportation.  The  end  of  invention  is  not  yet. 
Our  own  Edison  has  predicted  that  our  next  war 
will  be  one  of  machinery  (in  which  he  is  wrong,  for 
war  is  never  a  conflict  of  machinery,  but  of  the  skill 
that  uses  machinery)  ;  but  we  can  foresee  some  of 


148  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

the  imminent  changes  now  impending,  and  we  can 
be  sure  that  the  future  will  bring  as  many  as  the 
past  has  brought. 

Changes  of  equipment  bring  changes  of 
^^.jj    drill  and  instruction,  for  these  are  only  a 
'  *  sort  of  training  in  the  use  of  equipments 

combined  with  the  discipline  that  results  from 
proper  subordination  for  organization.  The  inf an- 
tryman  learns  at  drill  how  to  load  and  aim  his  rifle 
and  use  his  bayonet ;  the  artilleryman  how  to  deter- 
mine ranges  and  work  his  guns  to  make  hits  where 
the  fire  commander  directs ;  and  so  on.  Any  change 
in  the  detail  of  equipment  brings  a  corresponding 
change  in  the  details  of  drill  and  instruction.  The 
manual  of  arms  with  the  present  rifle  is  quite 
different  from  that  with  the  Springfield  forty-five 
of  thirty  years  ago.  The  drill  of  the  field  artillery- 
man is  vastly  different  now  from  what  it  was  with 
the  old  brass,  muzzle  loading  "Napoleon"  of  the 
Civil  War. 

Tactics,  the  art  of  managing  com- 

?        '      bined  elements  of  an  army  on  the 
A.  action 

battlefield,  also  changes  with  equip- 
ment and  with  drill.  The  tactics  of  the  phalanx 
failed  before  those  of  the  legion.  Those  of  the 
muzzle  loader  failed  before  those  of  the  needle  gun. 
Shock  tactics  for  infantry  virtually  died  at  New 
Orleans  when  Packenham's  veterans  went  down  to 
defeat  before  the  sharpshooters  of  the  backwoods. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  149 

Now  that  the  machine  gun  has  come  to  its  own, 
new  tactics  must  be  devised  to  meet  a  new  equip- 
ment. It  has  produced  a  deadlock  along  the  whole 
Western  Line  in  Europe,  in  spite  of  the  aero  service 
and  the  heavy  artillery.  Nothing  but  the  use  of 
machine  guns  on  both  sides  prevents  one  or  the 
other  from  breaking  the  line  of  the  other  side  at 
some  point. 

Other  forms  of  equipment  vary. 
Other  Changes  Tfae    automobiles    of    Gallieni 

showed  that  a  new  system  of  transportation  must  be 
reckoned  with  in  the  future.  The  soup  cart  and 
the  fireless  cooker  have  made  individual  cooking 
out  of  date.  The  wireless  combined  with  aero  ser- 
vice has  revolutionized  the  service  of  security  and 
information.  Prophylaxis  has  revolutionized  the 
science  of  sanitation.  No  more  does  the  surgeon 
regard  gangrene  as  a  necessary  evil;  no  more  high 
rate  of  mortality  from  typhoid  and  camp  dysentery. 
The  interior  management  of  the  hospital,  corres- 
ponding to  the  "drill"  of  line  troops,  has  undergone 
as  great  a  change  as  its  exterior  service  in  relation 
to  other  parts  of  an  army.  The  preventable  diseases 
like  typhoid  and  small  pox,  are  treated  at  the  re- 
cruiting office  by  prophylactic  inoculation. 

Dysentery  and  malaria  are  treated  at  the  camp 
kitchen  and  cess  pools.  Instead  of  long  wards  full  of 
patients  the  modern  military  surgeon  is  busy  teach- 
ing men  to  filter  their  water,  screen  their  food, 


150  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

avoid  mosquitos,  and  safeguard  themselves  from 
incapitating  consequences  of  other  unavoidable 
diseases;  how  to  establish  and  to  maintain  aseptic 
conditions  in  case  of  wound  and  injury. 

Many  of  these  improvements  are  so 

Kecentness  or  ,  i  •  •       i.      r. 

'    recent  that  no  provision  has   been 

^  made  in  our  service  for  them.    The 

combination  of  aero  service  with  wireless  communi- 
cation has  been  made  since  August  1914,  but  has 
not  reached  us  yet.  The  automatic  rifle  that  works 
was  invented  by  an  American  officer,  but  was  re- 
jected in  our  service.  It  was  then  accepted  by 
Belgium,  and  demonstrated  on  the  firing  line.  It 
is  now  being  furnished  to  Belgium,  France  and 
England,  from  American  factories,  by  American 
talent,  but  not  to  the  United  States  Army.  The 
immediate  adoption  of  such  a  rifle  for  our  infantry 
is  indicated  by  the  tactical  developments  of  the  last 
year,  but  we  have  not  even  begun  to  consider  how 
such  an  automatic  rifle  should  be  organized,  and  a 
discussion  of  this  topic  is  prohibited — as  if  discus- 
sion or  nondiscussion  would  alter  the  facts.  The 
ostrich  hides  its  head  in  the  sand. 

Now  the  point  being  made  is  not 
Defect  of  System  critidsm  of  anybody?  but  that  we 

are  working  under  a  defective  system.  The  de- 
velopment of  new  equipment,  new  drill  to  go  with 
it,  new  organization  to  satisfy  the  requirements  of 
both,  must  not  be  checked  by  the  incorrect  judg- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  151 

ment  of  any  one  man  or  group  of  men.  The 
establishment  of  a  national  system  by  which  such 
improvements  can  be  made  in  spite  of  such  oppo- 
nents is  infinitely  more  important  than  any  particu- 
lar kind  of  equipment,  drill,  tactics  or  organization. 
The  encouragement  of  our  people,  especially  our 
permanent  officers,  to  think  in  terms  of  the  Moni- 
tor, the  Gushing  Torpedo,  the  aeroplane,  the  ma- 
chine gun,  the  automatic  rifle,  wireless  communi- 
cation; in  terms  of  progress,  that  is  the  important 
thing. 

We  must  have  a  statute  requiring  that  every  new 
idea,  every  new  invention,  shall  be  submitted  to 
practical  tests  by  persons  of  adequate  skill  who  have 
no  ossification  of  initiative,  no  personal  pique  or 
interest,  in  order  that  their  valuable  features  may 
be  developed  for  the  exclusive  use  of  our  own  coun- 
try. With  such  a  law  the  separate  machine  gun 
service,  long  ago  demonstrated  as  the  only  correct 
form  of  organization  for  that  service,  would  have 
been  adopted  in  our  country  years  ago.  Under 
such  a  law  experiments  would  have  been  begun  as 
soon  as  Browning  invented  the  automatic  pistol  to 
apply  this  principle  to  the  rifle  and  to  determine 
what  changes  of  organization  are  necessary  in  order 
to  introduce  such  a  rifle  into  the  service.  No  sen- 
sible man  has  doubted  that,  sooner  or  later,  the  auto- 
matic principle  must  replace  the  less  effective 


152  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

weapon  for  rifles  as  well  as  pistols;  but  it  took  15 
years  to  get  even  the  automatic  pistol  adopted. 

.  In  this  case  it  is  easy  to  see 

«%  -,  „  now  such  experiments  could 

the  Proposed  System  fee  conducted>     A  sufficient 

number  of  automatic  rifles  could  be  handed  to  one 
or  more  live-wire  captains,  with  orders  to  work  it 
out;  find  out  just  how  many  such  rifles  can  be 
advantageously  used  in  their  companies;  just  what 
changes  of  equipment  will  be  necessary;  just  what 
sort  of  drill  regulations  must  be  written  in  order  to 
utilize  it  to  the  best  advantage;  just  what  changes 
in  organization  should  be  made  in  their  companies. 
Then  their  report  should  be  tested  in  the  same  way 
by  the  next  higher  unit,  the  battalion,  and  one  or 
a  dozen  comparisons  made  by  means  of  suitable  tac- 
tical problems  with  the  present  rifle  and  system. 

Such  a  series  of  tests  would  speedily  settle  all 
questions  in  regard  to  the  matter,  and  under  our 
proposed  system  there  would  be  ample  authority  in 
the  President  to  make  the  best  idea  effective  for 
immediate  application,  within  the  current  appro- 
priations. If  it  were  of  sufficient  importance  to 
make  such  action  desirable,  he  could  apply  to  Con- 
gress for  a  special  appropriation;  but  in  any  case 
there  would  be  action,  and  the  pitiful  state  of  un- 
preparedness  we  now  have  could  not  be  traced  to 
any  defect  of  the  military  system. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  153 

Precisely  the  same  sort  of  logic  applies  to  every 
military  problem.  It  is  only  a  matter  of  applying 
the  rule  of  common  sense,  just  as  a  business  man 
uses  common  sense  about  his  own  affairs.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  the  best  form  for  this  idea  to  take 
might  be  a  Bureau  of  Invention  and  Improvement, 
a  technical  bureau,  furnished  with  adequate  funds, 
authorized  to  use  as  many  line  troops  as  might  be 
necessary  for  its  experimental  work,  and  having 
jurisdiction  of  all  such  matters.  Such  a  bureau 
would  have  saved  the  Wright  aeroplane  ideas  for 
our  own  use,  instead  of  driving  them  abroad  for 
recognition;  would  have  perfected  the  Lewis  Rifle, 
with  its  correct  design  for  the  dissipation  of  heat, 
instead  of  driving  it  to  Belgium;  would  have  ar- 
ranged long  ago  for  a  separate  machine  gun  organi- 
zation; would  now  be  considering  the  automatic 
rifle  for  infantry  and  the  changes  resulting  from 
its  adoption;  would  be  working  upon  some  prac- 
ticable system  of  feeding  our  men ;  also  some  way 
to  supply  them  with  water ;  might  have  a  dozen  other 
valuable  ideas  before  it  that  have  never  been  pre- 
sented because  there  is  not  at  present  any  hope  that 
any  such  idea  can  receive  practical  consideration. 

To  such  a  bureau  the  President  might  say:  "It 
is  clear  that  the  Belgians  have  put  one  over  on  us 
in  this  matter  of  the  Lewis  Automatic  Rifle.  They 
have  a  good  thing  which  we  have  not  got.  The 
Germans  have  a  better  way  of  feeding  their  men 


154  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

than  we  have.  The  Japs  have  a  better  bayonet. 
The  French  have  worked  out  a  hand  grenade  that 
we  have  not  got.  The  English  are  doing  something 
new  with  wireless  from  aeroplanes  to  manage  ar- 
tillery fire.  Take  what  mobile  troops  you  need  and 
in  three  months  from  now  make  me  a  full  report 
on  these  subjects,  with  practical  recommendations, 
estimates,  and  textbooks  where  such  books  are 
necessary." 

Then  this  bureau  would  designate  the  man  who 
was  interested  in  this  sort  of  work,  a  round  peg 
for  a  round  hole,  and  would  say:  "Here  is  the  order 
of  the  President ;  here  is  your  material  or  the  money 
to  get  it ;  here  are  the  troops  you  need  for  the  work. 
Take  these  things  and  get  out  the  report  on  this 
subject,"  and  the  work  would  be  done. 

That  is  the  way  to  get  such  things  done. 

Then  the  President  would  avail  himself  of  the 
proposed  flexibility  of  system,  and  would  direct 
that  the  approved  results  be  put  into  effect  as  fast 
as  appropriations  might  permit.  There  would  be 
no  nonsensical  talk  about  securing  the  unanimous 
agreement  of  3,000  scattered  officers,  most  of  them 
ignorant  of  the  subject;  the  approved  report  of  a 
bureau  of  disinterested  experts  would  govern  the 
matter,  and  at  once. 

It  is  not  enough  to  have  merely  an  "Advisory 
Board  of  Technical  Experts."  Such  a  body  has 
no  statutory  authority,  nor  has  the  President  any 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  155 

statutory  authority  to  utilize  its  services  or  its  recom- 
mendations, if  these  entail  any  expense.  It  may 
go  out  of  existence  by  the  same  whim  that  created 
it,  or  by  the  whim  of  some  succeeding  Secretary. 
The  views  of  such  a  Board  can  never  command  the 
loyalty  of  bureaus  composed  of  permanent  officials, 
whose  noses  are  necessarily  more  or  less  out  of  joint 
by  the  mere  fact  that  such  a  board  is  in  existence. 
Its  mere  existence  is  a  reflection  upon  them  and  their 
departments.  They  only  await  the  opportune 
moment  to  kill  every  suggestion  of  such  a  body, 
and  just  because  they  are  permanent  while  it  is 
transient,  such  an  opportunity  will  be  presented. 

But  with  a  permanent  Bureau  of  Inventions  and 
Improvement  there  would  be  an  open  forum  for  the 
discussion  of  all  such  questions:  the  duty  would  be 
assigned  to  those  officers  most  attracted  to  that  sort 
of  work  and  therefore  most  competent  to  do  that 
sort  of  work,  and  results  would  follow. 

Of  course,  the  opposing  statement  that  we  already 
have  all  the  facilities  for  such  work  in  existence  in 
the  various  departments  of  the  Army  is  foreseen. 
The  one  and  unaswerable  reply  is:  "It  does  not 
work  out  that  way  now.  Our  American  ideas  have 
to  go  abroad  to  get  recognition  under  the  present 
system.  We  want  a  system  that  will  work  for  us; 
not  one  that  drives  our  ideas  abroad  to  the  advant- 
age of  our  rivals,  our  possible  enemies." 


CHAPTER  XI. 

COMMISSIONED  PERSONNEL. 

One  of  the  principal  causes  of 

,  J  the  totally  inadequate  condition 

Present  System      of  ^   National  DefensC)  Qur 

absurd  lack  of  system,  and  of  the  extremely  un- 
economical expenditures  of  public  funds  (we  spend 
nearly  as  much  on  our  unpreparedness  as  Germany 
does  on  her  magnificently  efficient  system) ,  is  in  the 
improper  coordination  of  promotion  in  the  regular 
army.  Time  after  time  Congressional  Committees 
have  expressed  a  willingness  to  legislate  for  the  na- 
tional defense  provided  the  officers  of  the  regular 
army  would  agree  as  to  what  is  needed.  This  agree- 
ment has  never  been  reached.  In  the  nature  of 
the  case  it  cannot  be  reached.  There  will  not  even  be 
agreement  upon  this  plan.  Looking  at  the  whole 
thing  in  a  dispassionate  way,  a  stranger  from  Mars 
would  suspect  that  Congress  had  always  acted 
toward  the  army  on  the  principle  "Divide  and 
Rule,"  because  officers  are  so  placed  by  reason  of  the 
methods  of  promotion  that  they  cannot  advocate 
what  they  know  to  be  correct  without  at  the  same 
time  advocating  something  that  is  detrimental  to 
their  own  interests.  The  personal  interest,  because 
the  personal  promotion  of  each  one,  is  tied  up  in 
legislation  which  will  specially  increase  his  separate 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  157 

branch.  It  is  mighty  easy  to  argue  that  which  bene- 
fits my  own  branch  benefits  me,  and  what  benefits 
me  must  necessarily  benefit  the  country.  It  is  a 
very  easy  and  very  natural  mental  attitude  that  your 
duty  is  to  your  own  arm  or  branch  of  the  service, 
only;  that  what  promotes  the  interest  of  that  arm, 
and  incidentally  promotes  your  own,  must  also  be  of 
general  interest.  This  attitude  does  not  imply  men- 
tal dishonesty,  but  merely  lack  of  perspective. 

This  accounts  for  the  extreme  efforts  made  in  the 
past,  and  being  made  now,  by  officers  identified  with 
particular  elements  of  the  service  to  secure  legisla- 
tion for  disproportionate  increase  of  their  own 
branches.  As  long  as  the  condition  exists  the  re- 
sults will  follow.  Cavalry  officers  will  work  for 
cavalry  increase,  artillery  officers  for  artillery  in- 
crease, staff  department  officers  for  increase  of  their 
respective  staff  departments,  and  so  on.  Just  that 
long  citizens  and  congressmen  will  be  able  to  point 
to  the  diverse  views  published  by  army  officers,  and 
to  use  this  as  an  excuse  for  inaction. 

The  remedy  is  simple.     All  officers  ren- 
der  the  same  service,  in  a  broad  way,  to 
the  nation.     All  of  them  give  up  civil 
pursuits  and  devote  their  talents  to  the  military  ser- 
vice.    Some  work  in  one  line  of  activity,  some  in 
another;    but  all  give  up  civil  life,  and  all  devote 
their  time  to  the  army.     Then  let  them  share  and 
share  alike  the  hardships  and  the  benefits  of  that 


158  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

service,  as  far  as  Congressional  action  can  make  this 
possible.  Rank  and  authority  should  depend  upon 
capacity,  duty  and  assignment;  but  there  is  no 
reason  in  the  world  why  pay  and  quarters  and  allow- 
ances should  depend  upon  accident.  Rank  and 
authority  will  come,  in  the  end,  when  military 
opportunity  is  presented,  to  him  who,  like  Grant, 
knows  how  to  use  them;  but  there  should  be 
no  discrimination  based  upon  legislative  favor. 
Let  the  question  of  personal  advantage  be  for- 
ever settled,  in  time  of  peace,  by  making  rank 
depend  upon  length  of  commissioned  service  for  all 
alike,  leaving  assignments  to  duty  to  be  made  by  the 
War  Department  according  to  fitness  and  qualifica- 
tions. Those  who  have  profited  by  special  promo- 
tion above  their  fellows  in  the  past  should  be  the 
last  (though  they  will  probably  be  the  first)  to  ob- 
struct the  development  of  a  satisfactory  scheme  of 
National  Defense  by  holding  up  constructive  plans 
until  further  advantage  shall  be  given  to  them. 
They  have  already  profited.  Let  them  be  content 
with  what  legislative  favor  they  have  already  re- 
ceived. The  solution  is  to  place  all  officers  on  one 
list  for  promotion,  according  to  length  of  commis- 
sioned service.  Those  who  have  already  been  pro- 
moted beyond  where  they  would  have  been  by  this 
method  should  be  simply  held  to  their  present 
grades  until  those  now  below  them,  but  who  would 
be  above  if  this  equitable  plan  had  been  always  f  ol- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  159 

lowed,  shall  reach  their  proper  places.  They  will 
not  be  deprived  of  any  rank  or  pay  by  this  readjust- 
ment, but  they  will  not  gain  any  further  advantage 
over  their  fellows.  They  should  not  desire  to  do  so ; 
and  if  any  so  do  desire,  their  desire  should  not  be 
gratified. 

With  the  introduction  of  this  fea- 
ture in  promotion,  there  wiU  be  no 
longer  any  element  of  personal  in- 
terest or  any  special  interest  inimical  to  the  general 
interest  in  any  part  of  the  service.  There  will  be 
some,  of  course,  whose  field  of  vision  will  be  so  nar- 
row that  they  cannot  take  in  anything  that  lies  out- 
side the  scope  of  their  own  special  duties.  There 
are  company  commanders  who  place  the  advantage 
of  their  companies  above  the  general  interest  of 
their  regiments;  quartermasters  ready,  through 
shortsightedness,  to  sacrifice  the  interest  of  the 
troops  to  that  supposed  by  them  to  be  the  special 
interest  of  their  departments ;  brigade  commanders 
willing  to  sacrifice  the  interest  of  the  whole  com- 
mand to  look  out  for  the  special  interest  of  their 
own  brigade.  In  a  much  larger  way,  the  interest 
of  the  Line  of  the  army,  the  fighting  element  of  it, 
which  have  never  been  permanently  represented  in 
Washington,  have  always  been  sacrificed  in  favor 
of  those  of  the  Permanent  Staff  Departments, 
which  have  always  been  strongly  represented  there. 
But  all  these  special  interests  will  cease  to  exist  with 


160  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

the  adoption  of  the  simple  rule  that  an  officer's  rank 
and  pay  shall  depend  solely,  in  time  of  peace,  upon 
his  date  of  commission,  that  all  officers  shall  share 
alike  in  promotion,  though  assignment  to  station 
and  duty  will  depend  upon  fitness  and  attainments. 
It  is  desirable  to  introduce  a  feature 
^  .  permitting  special  promotion  for  spe- 
cial services;  but  such  feature  can  be 
introduced  in  a  way  that  will  do  no  injustice  to  any 
one,  arid  will  not  break  the  general  rule  above  indi- 
cated. Certain  additional  officers  are  always  neces- 
sary for  details  of  various  kinds  on  detached  service. 
College  duty,  militia  duty,  instructors  in  West 
Point  and  other  service  schools,  and  the  necessary 
number  of  officers  to  form  what  would  be  known  as 
"The  Generals'  Staff,"  must  all  be  provided  for  in 
any  system,  in  addition  to  the  exact  number  required 
to  complete  the  organizations  laid  down  in  the  tables 
of  organization.  An  allowance  of  ten  per  cent  in 
each  grade  for  these  purposes  will  be  adequate, 
which  allowance  should  be  made  in  the  form  of  a 
"Distinguished  Service  List,"  to  which  promotions 
should  be  made  from  the  next  lower  grade  for 
appropriate  services,  valid  in  the  advance  grade 
until  the  same  grade  be  reached  by  ordinary  pro- 
motion, and  then  terminated  by  such  promotion,  to 
be  filled  by  another  detail  of  some  other  meritorious 
officer. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  161 

Such  a  provision  as  this  would  give  every  legiti- 
mate opportunity  for  special  reward  for  special 
services,  yet  would  not  in  any  way  interfere  with 
nor  invalidate  the  rule  of  strictly  impartial  promo- 
tion of  all  officers  according  to  length  of  commis- 
sioned service.  Also,  it  would  limit  rewards  to  rea- 
sonable amounts,  would  not  cause  any  blocks  in  sub- 
sequent promotion  by  loading  up  the  higher  grades 
with  young  officers,  and  would  offer  every  reason- 
able incentive  to  all  officers  to  merit  such  recogni- 
tion by  suitable  service. 

The  adoption  of  these  provisions  would  terminate 
dissension  among  officers  based  upon  self  interest 
or  corps  interest,  for  with  the  adoption  of  these  pro- 
visions there  would  be  no  divergence  of  interests 
among  officers.  Unity  of  views  can  never  be 
reached,  because  of  differences  of  education,  of 
information,  and  of  judgment.  But  with  the  elimi- 
nation of  self  interest  and  unfair  self  seeking 
through  dangerous  special  inflations  of  different 
arms  or  elements,  much  less  divergence  of  views 
would  be  found. 

The  educated  men  to  complete  the 

organization  of  the  Minute  Men 

Commissioned  i      j  -i  ^    - 

are  already  available  in  our  coun- 

f  /  TlJ  CPV^ 

try;  men  educated  in  the  technical 
military  sense.  The  education  of  a  commissioned 
officer  is  never  complete.  It  never  ends.  But  the 
preliminary  education  necessary  to  start  in  the  per- 


162  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

formance  of  the  duties  of  the  lower  grades,  up  to 
include  those  of  a  company  commander,  has  been 
given  annually  to  about  10,000  young  men  in  the 
United  States  through  the  direct  activity  of  the 
United  States  Government,  for  the  last  fifty  years. 
The  moment  we  get  away  from  the  volunteer  idea 
of  raising  men,  which  is  based  on  the  personal  popu- 
larity of  the  officer,  the  minute  we  enforce  the  duty 
of  military  service  as  a  duty,  the  same  as  payment 
of  taxes,  we  can  avail  ourselves  of  this  supply  of 
material  for  commissioned  officers  and  begin  to  train 
them,  as  well  as  their  men,  in  their  duties.  There 
are  not  less  than  a  hundred  thousand  well  trained 
graduates  of  military  schools  suitable  for  the  duties 
of  lieutenant  and  captain,  and  of  suitable  military 
age.  in  this  country.  These  men  are  graduates  of 
such  military  schools  as  V.  M.  I.,  Culver,  St.  Johns, 
Kemper,  and  a  hundred  others ;  schools  second  only 
to  West  Point.  The  service  postgraduate  schools 
are  available  for  the  further  training  of  such  of 
these  men  as  may  be  commissioned  "Officers  of 
Minute  Men."  Their  practical  duty  in  the  Training 
School  for  Minute  Men  with  the  very  same  organi- 
zations and  very  same  men  with  whom  they  are  to  be 
associated  in  time  of  war  will  complete  their  training 
and  make  of  them  the  best  lot  of  officers  in  the  whole 
world.  Each  of  them  will  know  in  person  every 
man  of  his  organization.  These  men  do  not  enter 
the  militia,  as  a  rule.  After  having  been  graduated 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  163 

from  a  good  military  school  they  do  not  care  to 
enter  as  privates,  and  since  at  their  age  they  cannot 
have  wardheeler  influence  in  politics  they  are  wholly 
deficient  in  the  sort  of  popularity  that  would  cause 
them  to  be  elected  to  office  in  the  militia.  But  they 
are  the  best  material  in  the  country  for  company 
officers  of  federal  volunteers  or  of  Minute  Men, 
and  the  number  already  trained  is  far  in  excess  of 
the  necessities  of  the  situation,  while  the  military 
schools,  a  hundred  of  them,  some  a  little  better  than 
others  but  all  good,  are  turning  them  out  at  the 
rate  of  10,000  per  year. 

The  system  of  expansion  to  be  pro- 
EatpanM  poged>  by  which  the  national  forces 

will  be  mobilized,  must  be  sufficiently 
indicated  here  to  show  just  how  these  officers  will 
fit  into  it. 

Each  regiment  of  the  Training  School  will  fur- 
nish a  brigade  of  the  war  force,  and  every  man  of 
it  a  trained  man,  accustomed  to  touch  elbows  in 
ranks  with  the  man  on  his  right  and  left.  In  addi- 
tion, each  regiment  of  the  Training  School  will  also 
have  enough  trained  personnel,  after  the  third  year, 
to  leave  an  organized,  working  force  at  the  training 
school  at  work  training  recruits  for  this  brigade  to 
be  ready  to  take  the  places  of  those  who  will  drop 
out  as  soon  as  war  begins. 

The  Division  will  become  an  army  of  three  divi- 
sions of  infantry,  with  corresponding  amounts  of 


164  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

all  the  auxiliary  arms  in  due  proportion.  Each 
brigade  will  become  a  division  of  three  brigades  in 
this  war  organization.  Each  regiment  will  furnish 
the  entire  personnel  of  a  brigade  of  three  regi- 
ments, all  trained,  on  furlough,  equipped,  accus- 
tomed at  the  annual  maneuver  camp  to  working 
together,  ready  for  instant  action.  Each  battalion 
will  become  a  regiment. 

The  division  commander  will  become  the  army 
commander;  each  brigade  commander  will  become 
a  division  commander;  each  regimental  commander 
will  become  a  brigade  commander.  The  new  regi- 
ments will  receive  commanders  from  the  Field 
Officers  of  the  parent  regiment,  and  each  will  be 
furnished  a  trained  staff  from  the  subaltern  officers 
of  the  training  school.  Thus  every  administrative 
position,  every  place  of  command  in  this  whole 
army,  will  be  filled  by  not  merely  a  capable,  trained 
officer,  but  by  the  very  best  possible  one,  the  very 
man  who  trained  this  group  of  men,  the  man  known 
as  an  instructor  by  every  one  of  them. 

Now  all  that  is  necessary  to  make  this  the  best 
officered  force  in  the  world  is  equally  capable  com- 
pany officers,  and  these  will  all  be  taken  from  the 
ranks  of  the  Training  School  itself,  out  of  the 
trained  college  graduates  of  military  colleges  who 
will  have  already  a  four  years'  course  next  in  value 
to  that  at  West  Point  before  they  volunteer  for  the 
Minute  Men  service.  It  would  be  impossible  to 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  165 

devise  a  more  perfect  system  of  selecting  the  neces- 
sary commissioned  officers  for  our  war  force.  It  is 
actually  better  than  it  would  be  to  have  all  of  them 
West  Pointers,  for  these  officers  of  Minute  Men 
will  not  have  to  break  down  any  popular  prejudice, 
nor  to  overcome  any  tendency  to  "snobbishness." 
Trained,  capable,  and  suitable,  that  very  training 
will  justify  their  selection  for  the  duties  of  officers 
to  their  comrades  and  instructors;  yet  they  are  of 
the  common  people,  and  able  to  look  at  things  from 
the  same  point  of  view  as  their  men.  No  better 
system  of  selecting  and  appointing  officers  could  be 
possibly  devised.  No  other,  ever  proposed,  offers 
any  such  system ;  and  this  advantage,  alone,  should 
be  decisive  as  to  its  adoption. 

Each  officer  of  Minute  Men  should  receive  his 
commission  as  an  officer  in  time  of  peace  and  enter 
upon  his  duties  at  the  annual  maneuver  camps  at 
the  end  of  the  training  school  year,  when  all  the 
Minute  Men  would  be  annually  called  out  for  re- 
view of  their  past  work  and  refitting  of  their  equip- 
ment. Thus  every  officer,  from  the  Commanding 
General  down  to  the  last  lance  corporal,  would  gain 
actual  experience  with  his  own  organization,  and 
enter  upon  the  war  service,  when  called,  perfectly 
prepared,  fully  acquainted  with  all  the  personnel  of 
that  organization.  After  war  begins  his  promotion 
will  be  according  to  his  services.  Any  man  among 
these  Minute  Men  may  be  a  Von  Moltke,  a  Grant, 
or  a  McKinley. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

THE  TRANSITION  PERIOD. 

This  discussion  would  be  incomplete 
™  without  one  more  lesson  drawn  from 

the  analogy  of  the  Banker,  the  Con- 
tractor, and  the  Supervising  Architect.  The  first 
care  of  an  honest  Contractor  would  be  to  put  a 
competent,  technically  competent,  Supervising 
Architect  on  the  job,  and  the  first  care  of  the 
Banker  would  be  to  see  that  there  was  a  competent, 
technically  competent,  Supervising  Architect  on 
the  job.  If  there  was  any  doubt  in  the  mind  of 
the  Banker  on  that  point  he  would  at  once  put 
a  man  of  his  own  selection  on  that  job.  A  million 
dollar  contract  for  a  fine  mansion  would  be  too 
important  a  thing  to  trust  to  an  amiable  clergy- 
man, or  an  upright  judge,  or  a  reputable  doctor,  or 
even  to  an  honest  lawyer  (if  there  is  one — I  am  a 
lawyer  myself).  He  would  insist  that  this  work 
be  done  under  the  constant  supervision  of  a  tech- 
nically capable  man.  In  our  analogy  the  Secretary 
of  War  may  stand  in  the  same  relation  to  the 
National  Defense  that  Supervising  Architect  would 
stand  to  the  construction  of  the  Banker's  mansion. 

This  is  not  written  to  criticise  any  in- 

dividual;  far  from  it.  Still  less  is  it 
Disclaimer  intended  to  reflect  upon  the  motives, 

integrity,  or  good  faith  of  any  individual.     Our 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  167 

people  are  only  too  prone  to  make  scape  goats  of 
the  most  convenient  public  official  when  things  do 
not  go  right,  and  often  without  proper  assessment 
of  responsibility  for  failures.  We  can  all  remem- 
ber the  storm  of  criticism  that  burst  upon  Secretary 
Alger  when  sickness  developed  among  the  hastily 
assembled,  untaught,  and  imperfectly  organized 
volunteers  of  1898.  A  Secretary  of  War  once  had 
to  make  his  escape  from  Washington  and  from 
office  without  even  the  formality  of  public  an- 
nouncement, after  the  "Battle  of  Bladensburg." 
Possibly  the  latter  Secretary  had  tried  to  do  some- 
thing that  was  beyond  his  military  capacity,  and  the 
President's  injunction  to  "leave  the  management 
of  military  operations  to  the  military  commanders" 
may  have  been  amply  justified  by  the  facts;  but 
both  these  Secretaries  suffered  from  the  evil  effects 
of  a  system  of  which  they  were  at  least  as  much  the 
victims  as  the  beneficiaries.  The  system  should  be 
improved  so  that  none  but  technically  competent 
men  can  be  called  to  that  office;  and  the  individual 
should  be  judged  in  the  light  of  the  system  of 
which  he  was  a  part. 

.  We  have  had  able  politicians  on 

^    that  job.    There  have  been  eminent 

_  *  college    professors    in   that   office, 

and  it  has  been  at  least  once  graced 

by  a  jurist  who  developed  into  Presidential  timber. 

But  who  can  name  one  of  them  who  was  technically 


168  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

capable  of  performing  the  duties  of  a  Supervising 
Architect  in  the  construction  of  the  Edifice  of  Na- 
tional Defense?  A  Secretary  with  a  mania  for  exer- 
cising personal  military  command  fled  from  the 
battlefield  of  Bladensburg  by  the  light  of  the  burn- 
ing Capitol  which  was  captured  by  the  British  as  a 
result  of  his  incompetence.  Another  forced  on  the 
country  an  inefficient  system  of  military  organiza- 
tion that  prolonged  the  Civil  War  three  years  at 
least ;  or  rather  this  was  done  by  a  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  acting  for  a  Secretary  of  War  who  wras 
not  performing  the  duties  of  a  Supervising  Archi- 
tect but  was  allowing  them  to  be  performed  by  one 
of  his  colleagues  in  the  Cabinet ;  his  successor,  men- 
tioned in  our  school  histories  as  "The  Great  War 
Secretary,"  blundered  along,  interfering  time  after 
time  with  military  operations  which  would  probably 
have  been  successful  without  his  interference,  until 
the  tremendous  personality  of  a  Grant  took  the  mili- 
tary command  out  of  his  hands  and  brought  the 
war  to  an  end;  another  permitted  the  adoption  of 
a  false  system  for  the  "General  Staff,"  whereby  its 
usefulness  as  a  military  body  is  at  least  greatly  im- 
paired. 

If  the  administration  of  the  Supervising  Archi- 
tect on  the  construction  of  the  Banker's  mansion 
were  of  this  character,  neither  the  Banker's  money, 
nor  the  Architect's  plans,  nor  the  Contractor's 
honesty  and  experience  would  avail  to  build  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  169 

desired  mansion.  His  money  would  be  uselessly 
frittered  away,  and  the  completed  edifice  would  not 
correspond  in  any  way  to  the  plan  that  the  Banker 
had  in  mind. 

So  it  has  been  with  the  preparation 

)k  at  th       of  the  National  Defense.     Congress 

Results  in       hag  been  exceedingly  liberal  in  the 

e  cote  of      appropriation    of    money    for    that 

Natio  purpose;    but  there  is  no  National 

Defense  in  existence;  none  worthy 
of  the  name,  and  no  plan  in  sight  prepared  by  any 
of  these  superintendents.  Under  the  management 
of  Secretaries  of  War  ignorant  of  the  technical 
icork  of  the  job  the  country  has  twice  gone  bank- 
rupt ( 1779-1863) ,  has  squandered  annually  as  much 
money  to  get  results  as  the  German  Empire  has 
spent  for  its  magnificent  preparedness,  and  has 
nothing  whatever  to  show  for  it.  What  we  have 
for  the  national  defense  is  virtually  nothing;  it 
would  not  be  a  drop  in  the  bucket  of  a  modern  war; 
and  the  false  system  that  incapacity  has  fastened 
upon  the  country  would  lead  first  to  humiliation, 
then  to  bankruptcy,  and  at  last  to  ruin.  What  we 
have  as  a  result  of  political  management  of  our 
national  military  resources  for  over  a  hundred  years 
is  absolutely  worse  than  nothing  at  all. 

Therefore,  without  criticism  of  any  in- 
The  First    dividual  in  word  or  thought,  the  first 

}l  y     step  in  the  application  of  this  plan,  the 
only  plan  that  will  work,  should  be  the  appoint- 


170  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

merit  of  a  technically  capable  Secretary  of  War  to 
supervise  its  execution. 

The  plans  above  suggested  are  radical;  but  they 
are  correct.  These  plans  will  be  eventually 
adopted ;  perhaps  not  in  the  day  of  the  author,  per- 
haps not  in  time  to  prevent  a  great  national  disaster, 
but  will  be  adopted  in  the  end  because  they  are  the 
only  possible  way  in  which  adequate  preparation 
can  be  made  in  time  of  peace  for  the  National  De- 
fense. When  they  are  adopted  the  first  step  in 
their  development  will  be  the  appointment  of  a 
technically  capable  Secretary  of  War,  of  such  a 
tremendous  personality  that  he  can  command  the 
loyalty  of  those  under  him  because  they  know  his 
technical  ability,  know  his  integrity,  know  him  to  be 
as  ruthless  as  he  is  fearless,  and  know  that  the  man 
who  opposes  him  treacherously  will  be  discovered 
and  remorselessly  broken  on  the  wheel. 

^  The  installation  of  this  system  after 

Installation       ,,  ,        ,     p.,  -, 

the  enactment  01  the  necessary  legis- 
of  3      system   ^^  ^  be  &  ^  ^  and  wm  re_ 

quire  considerable  time,  even  in  the  hands  of  such  a 
Secretary  as  above  indicated.  Some  of  the  details 
of  the  transition  can  be  foreseen;  others  would 
have  to  be  worked  out  as  the  occasions  arise. 

The  Distinguished  Service  Order 
D'S*  °'; ,    will  at  once  take  the  place  of  the 
present  "General  Staff,"  and  will 
place  at  the  disposal  of  command- 
ing officers  an  adequate  body  of  officers  selected  on 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  171 

account  of  distinguished  services  and  thereby 
marked  as  exceptional  men.  The  assignment  of 
these  officers  to  duty  is  left  open  in  the  plan,  in 
order  that  such  assignments  may  be  unrestricted. 
The  creation  of  the  Distinguished  Service  Order 
gives  a  legitimate  opportunity  to  reward  excep- 
tional merit,  and  since  the  determination  of  such 
cases  is  not  provided  for  by  statute  it  is  necessarily 
open  to  regulation  by  the  President.  A  peanut 
politician  will  be  able  to  abuse  this  power;  but  the 
abuse  cannot  be  permanent,  nor  extend  beyond 
temporary  promotion  of  a  single  grade;  a  wise 
administration  can  make  of  this  opening  a  powerful 
incentive  to  greater  energy,  initiative  and  efficiency, 
in  all  officers,  by  basing  such  selections  solely  upon 
known  merit. 

The  first  task  will  naturally  be  the 
First /Step  in  ...  n  ,1 

.      .         organization   01    the   new   training 

school  permanent  personnel,  and 
the  assignment  of  the  various  organizations  of  the 
regular  service  to  their  proper  places  as  compon- 
ents of  the  new  forces.  This  will  include  the  or- 
ganization of  the  oversea  defense  on  a  permanent 
basis,  the  organization  of  the  expeditionary  force, 
the  assignment  of  the  permanent  personnel  to  the 
sea  coast  defenses,  and  assignments  to  the  four  divi- 
sions of  the  national  training  school  for  Minute 
Men.  It  will  involve  reduction  of  strength  in  some 
organizations,  increases  in  others,  and  transfers  of 


172  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

selected  men  to  the  places  where  their  services  will 
be  the  most  useful;  a  general  adjustment  of  round 
peg  to  round  holes  and  square  pegs  to  square  holes. 
Promotions  As  soon  as  the  assignments  of  regi- 
and  ments  to  their  duties  can  be  deter- 

Assignments  mined  the  resulting  promotions  and 
assignments  of  commissioned  officers  will  be  made. 
This  will  be  the  much  desired  opportunity  to  re- 
adjust the  whole  matter  of  promotion  among  offi- 
cers; for  the  number  of  promotions  incident  to 
these  changes  will  be  so  great  that  even  those  offi- 
cers who  have  benefitted  greatly  by  legislative 
eccentricities  or  executive  favoritism  in  the  past  will 
not  lose  anything  by  the  change.  Probably  not  a 
single  officer  will  be  compelled  to  "mark  time"  in 
grade  on  account  of  the  readjustment  upon  an 
equitable  basis  of  promotion.  The  troops  assigned 
to  oversea  and  expeditionary  duty  will  proceed  to 
their  proper  stations  at  such  times  thereafter  as  may 
be  convenient,  and  their  adjustment  to  their  new 
duties  will  at  once  become  a  routine  matter  to  be 
handled  by  their  commanders.  The  troops  assigned 
to  duty  as  part  of  the  training  school  personnel  will 
be  sent  to  stations  at  the  most  convenient  places  in 
their  respective  divisions,  utilizing  the  great  posts 
already  in  existence  as  far  as  practicable  for  train- 
ing school  stations.  The  officers  and  men  to  form 
these  cadres  will  be  selected  with  care,  for  such 
original  work  as  this  requires  the  highest  available 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  173 

order  of  talent;  but  once  assigned,  the  further  de- 
velopment of  the  training  school  work  will  take 
place  normally  under  the  commanders  assigned  to 
the  four  divisions  and  to  the  coast  defense  districts. 
.  The  Expeditionary  Force  should 

j»  by  all  means  be  held  intact  as  a  unit 

at  some  place  where  the  climatic 
conditions  permit  year-round  training,  and  where 
transportation  facilities  permit  rapid  movement  of 
a  division  in  any  direction.  For  example  the  cli- 
matic conditions  and  the  terrain  about  Atascadero, 
California,  would  be  ideal  for  a  compact  canton- 
ment of  such  a  division.  The  transportation  facili- 
ties are  good  at  that  point,  but  the  geographic  loca- 
tion might  be  considered  too  far  west,  though  it  is 
nearer  the  actual  geographic  center  of  our  terri- 
torial possessions  than  any  other  satisfactory  point. 
Texas  affords  places  where  such  a  division  could 
operate  all  the  year  round  as  a  whole,  and  there  are 
many  other  suitable  locations  in  other  parts  of  the 
country.  It  might  be  thought  advisable  to  distri- 
bute this  force  in  three  or  four  brigade  canton- 
ments, or  even  to  station  parts  of  it  in  or  near  large 
cities.  In  such  cases  no  doubt  the  European  system 
of  quartering  troops  in  compact  barracks,  instead 
of  in  the  big  parks  which  we  miscall  "Forts"  or 
"Posts,"  would  be  preferable.  These  military  reser- 
vations have  a  far  greater  value  in  connection  with 
the  training  school  system  and  for  mobilization 


174  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

points  than  for  the  use  of  expeditionary  forces. 
But  whatever  might  be  the  disposition  of  this  force 
as  to  locality,  the  very  last  thing  that  should  govern 
it  would  be  the  benefit  of  some  group  of  land  specu- 
lators or  of  the  grocery  and  dry  goods  merchants  of 
a  locality  which  might  be  represented  by  an  influen- 
tial Congressman.  A  wise  location  of  it  would  cer- 
tainly not  place  it  on  a  sandspit  which  is  flooded  by 
a  tidal  wave  every  time  a  high  wind  happens  to 
coincide  with  a  neap  tide.  Such  a  division  would 
be  kept  in  compact  form,  with  the  smallest  possible 
accumulation  of  impedimenta  that  could  retard  its 
promptness  or  initiative  of  action. 

.  The  oversea  defense  would  require 

Philippine  immediate  attention.  Especially  the 
Defense  whole  policy  in  the  philippme  isiands 

would  be  overhauled.  The  division  assigned  to  that 
duty  would  be  removed  from  the  unhealthy  low- 
lands and  rice  paddies  near  Manila.  It  would  be 
located  in  a  healthy  place  in  the  uplands,  where  the 
white  man  can  bear  his  burden  without  contracting 
seven  different  kinds  of  skin  disease  every  time  he 
hits  a  golf  ball  far  enough  to  make  the  caddy  hunt 
for  it.  The  policy  of  trying  to  "conciliate"  the 
Tagalog  would  be  abandoned  and  that  race  would 
have  a  chance  to  get  its  feet  out  of  the  public 
trough  long  enough  to  realize  just  how  small  and 
insignificant  it  really  is  in  the  big  sum  total  of 
Philippine  Islands. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  175 

Instead  of  making  the  defense 
Philippine  Defense  «  ,,  -nu-v  •  u  j 

of  the  Philippines  a  burden 
Not  a  Burden  .,  TT  .,  -,  0,  .,  , 

to  the  United  States  it  can  be 

but  an  Asset  -•          j-  t     u  i.         j 

made,  and  should  be  made,  a 

source  of  strength  and  a  powerful  base  of  operations 
in  the  Orient.  To  do  this  would  be  the  simplest 
thing  in  the  world ;  so  simple  that  a  mere  outline 
will  be  convincing. 

First  of  all,  our  country  should  be  true  and  loyal 
to  its  own  friends.  It  has  plenty  of  them  in  the 
Philippines;  natives  who  aided  us  in  suppressing 
the  Tagalog  insurrection  of  1899-1900,  and  who 
find  in  United  States  sovereignty  their  only  protec- 
tion. Among  these  known  and  tested  friends  may 
be  mentioned  the  Macabeebes,  the  Ifugaos,  the 
Ilongots  and  the  Igorrotes;  all  mountain  tribes, 
hardy  people,  good  material  for  soldiers,  and  all 
opposed  to  Tagalog  supremacy  as  a  matter  of  self- 
preservation.  They  know  by  bitter  experience  that 
they  have  nothing  to  expect  that  is  good  from  Taga- 
log domination,  and  nothing  bad  to  expect  from 
American  rule. 
v  .  In  the  northern  mountains  there  are 

not  less  than  200,000  fighting  men 
Auxiliaries        »  .,  "       .  .,  ,          ...  , 

01    these  tribes   only  waiting  to   be 

organized  into  the  finest  force  of  native  auxiliaries 
in  the  world.  Their  loyalty  to  the  United  States  has 
already  been  proved  by  the  touchstone  of  domestic 
war.  Their  hatred  of  the  Tagalog  is  based  not  only 


176  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

on  racial  animosity,  but  also  on  the  unspeakable  out- 
rages committed  by  that  tribe  during  the  period  of 
guerrilla  warfare  after  the  fall  of  Malolos  in  1899 
and  before  the  final  establishment  of  actual  Ameri- 
can authority  in  1902  in  their  country.  Here,  in  a 
temperate  climate,  where  the  white  man  thrives,  and 
where  his  food  products  can  be  made  prolific  by  a 
demand  for  them,  should  be  stationed  the  division 
that  will  constitute  the  mobile  defense  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  It  would  be  within  easy  reach  of 
Manila  at  any  time,  on  the  flank  of  any  enemy  who 
might  come  from  the  north,  in  the  face  of  one  that 
might  come  from  the  south,  and  in  exactly  the  right 
position  to  protect  the  land  side  of  Corregidor,  the 
only  vulnerable  point  in  the  sea  coast  defense  of 
Manila.  Here  it  should  organize  these  friendly 
tribes  into  a  huge  army  of  fighting  men,  trained 
for  guerrilla  warfare  as  native  auxiliaries.  Their 
native  customs  and  ways  of  living  should  not  be  ob- 
literated, but  their  fighting  men  should  be  enrolled, 
armed  and  trained,  with  military  pay  and  allowr- 
ances,  especially  in  the  way  of  food  supplies,  that 
would  make  their  life  more  comfortable.  They 
should  be  taught  how  to  cultivate  their  fertile  hills 
and  valleys  to  produce  the  food  and  forage  required 
for  the  American  division,  which  would  thus  be 
rendered  independent  of  the  homeland  in  its  food 
and  forage  supplies.  Today  we  are  still  shipping 
oats  and  baled  hay  for  the  horses  of  the  cavalry  in 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  177 

the  Philippines,  beans  and  bacon  to  the  soldiers. 
These  supplies  would  be  cut  off  at  the  first  alarm  of 
war;  but  if  the  mountain  country  were  mobilized  as 
above  indicated  for  defense  the  American  division 
would  be  made  independent  of  the  homeland  in  these 
supplies,  and  the  mountain  inhabitants  made  com- 
paratively wealthy  by  the  increase  that  would  result 
in  their  industrial  activities. 

In  a  year  this  policy  could  be  made  to 

Results      j      i  ,•  -v         _?  n 

develop   a  native   auxiliary  torce  ot   a 

hundred  thousand  fighting  men  who  hate  the  Taga- 
log  and  dread  nothing  so  much  as  Tagalog  suprem- 
acy, who  have  the  fatalistic  courage  of  the  oriental, 
and  who  would  fight  loyally  by  the  side  of  the 
American  Soldiers  against  any  enemy,  as  they  have 
done  in  the  past.  In  three  years  there  could  be 
organized  over  200,000  of  these  native  troops,  with 
an  impregnable  base  in  a  healthy  climate,  producing 
everything  necessary  for  the  indefinite  maintenance 
of  all  the  forces  engaged,  yet  not  capable  of  inde- 
pendent action  that  could  embroil  us  with  any  other 
country.  To  successfully  attack  Manila  from  the 
North  would  be  impossible  for  any  country  with 
such  a  force  as  this  in  the  mountain  fastnesses  on 
its  flank.  An  attack  from  the  South  would  have 
distinct  advantages  for  the  defenders.  A  direct  at- 
tack from  the  sea  upon  Manila  could  not  be  made  as 
long  as  Corregidor  stands,  and  Corregidor  could  not 
fall  as  long  as  the  heights  at  Mariveles  were  com- 


178  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

manded  by  the  strategic  position  of  this  force.  This 
policy  would  expose  the  Tagalog  to  all  the  risks  and 
hardships  of  war,  if  they  should  again  solicit  the  help 
of  a  foreign  foe,  to  help  them  drive  out  or  kill  all 
the  white  people.  Possibly  such  a  policy  as  this 
might  even  open  the  eyes  of  this  tribe,  to  the 
difference  between  American  rule  and  what  it 
might  expect  under  Japanese  or  German  dominion. 
It  would  expose  an  enemy  to  the  enervating 
influence  of  a  climate  inimical  to  people  from 
the  temperate  zone,  while  our  own  forces  would 
have  a  healthy  base  in  the  temperate  mountains  from 
which  they  could  draw  practically  inexhaustible  sup- 
plies and  levies  of  trained  auxiliaries.  The  general 
policy  of  trained  Minute  Men  could  be  adapted  to 
this  situation,  and  the  American  division  would  be- 
come the  training  school  of  this  element.  If,  in  the 
course  of  time,  it  might  be  possible  to  develop  a 
body  of  natives  capable  of  defending  their  country, 
this  would  be  the  very  best  evidence  of  their  capa- 
city for  self  government,  and  the  United  States 
might  then  withdraw  from  it  honorably,  leaving  it 
in  their  hands,  if  any  constitutional  method  can  be 
found  for  such  withdrawal. 

Wi  ,          The  only  reason  why  such  a  policy 

as  this  has  not  been  instituted  long 
ago  in  the  Philippines,  is  that  we 
have  never  had  a  policy  on  that  subject.   Our  coun- 
try drifted  into  this  problem  by  accident.     It  has 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  179 

drifted  along  from  year  to  year.  Nothing  has  been 
done  on  the  theory  of  permanency,  because  there  has 
always  been  a  pernicious  agitation  for  a  new  doc- 
trine of  secession.  The  possibility  of  secession  by 
Act  of  Congress,  upon  the  demand  of  a  single  tribe 
of  discontented  and  incapable  agitators,  is  as  grave- 
ly discussed  today,  as  that  of  secession  by  Act  of 
a  State  Legislature  was  discussed  in  1860,  and 
with  consequences  as  evil. 

This  policy  would  have  to  be  changed 
-p  j.  radically;  reversed.  Our  friendship, 

our  favors,  our  loyal  support,  are  due 
to  these  tribes  collectively,  and  to  those  persons 
individually,  who  have  shown  loyalty  and  friend- 
ship to  us.  We  should  arm  and  equip  them,  place 
them  in  positions  of  honor  and  trust,  seize  the  stra- 
tegic points  of  value  for  health  and  defense,  and 
make  the  Philippine  Islands  an  asset  in  case  of 
Oriental  disturbances,  instead  of  an  element  of  na- 
tional weakness  from  every  point  of  view.  The 
policy  thus  outlined,  civil  and  military,  would  speed- 
ily have  that  result.  It  would  make  the  Philippine 
Islands  unassailable  and  would  place  in  the  hands  of 
the  United  States  a  powerful  army  of  native  troops, 
absolutely  loyal,  first-class  fighting  men,  ready  to 
throw  a  heavy  sword  into  the  scales  of  diplomacy 
whenever  our  interests  might  call  for  such  a  make- 
weight. Such  a  system  would  remove  the  Japanese 


180  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

bogy  from  the  field  of  American  politics,  and  would 
insure  either  the  permanence  of  Chinese  sovereignty 
or  a  due  consideration  of  American  interests  in  the 
division  of  spoils  whenever  that  may  come. 

The  system  of  Minute  Men  development  herein 
proposed  would  no  doubt  be  modified  more  or  less 
to  suit  the  conditions  of  the  Philippines;  but  the 
elasticity  of  the  system  would  provide  ample  lati- 
tude for  such  modifications,  and  its  application 
would  make  of  the  Philippine  Division,  like  the 
other  divisions  of  the  training  school,  a  productive 
agency,  actively  engaged  in  training  the  necessary 
personnel  for  defense  of  its  territory.  It  would 
employ  these  Filipinos  who  are  worthy  of  trust  in 
the  defense  of  their  own  country;  and  if,  at  some 
future  time,  it  should  please  Providence  to  make 
them  completely  capable  and  responsible  for  their 
own  defense  there  would  be  an  adequate  force, 
properly  trained,  with  which  to  meet  that  responsi- 
bility for  a  time.  It  is  not  at  all  necessary  that  the 
Philippine  Islands  should  be  a  "White  Elephant" ; 
but  if  they  are  to  be  redeemed,  there  must  be  at  least 
a  small  degree  of  human  intelligence  used  in  their 
management,  a  small  degree  of  loyalty  shown  to 
our  friends,  a  little  reasonable  foresight  employed. 

The    permanent    personnel    as- 

Other  Auxiliaries    •        -,   ,     TT       ••    T> 

signed  to  Hawaii,  Panama, 

Alaska,  Porto  Rico,  would  find  considerable  oppor- 
tunity to  develop  similar  auxiliaries  in  their  respec- 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  181 

live  divisions,  and  would  utilize  the  local  material 
and  personnel  as  far  as  possible.  The  resources 
available  in  these  localities  would  be  much  smaller 
than  in  the  Philippines,  but  their  proximity  to  the 
United  States  would  make  it  probably  possible  to 
reinforce  them  after  war  becomes  imminent.  The 
geographical  location  of  the  Philippines  would  make 
such  reinforcement  impossible  until  after  the  mast- 
ery of  the  Pacific  Ocean  should  be  determined  by 
naval  operations.  Hence  the  development  of  local 
Minute  Men  in  the  other  oversea  possessions  is  not 
as  important  as  it  is  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

The  training  school  features  of  this 

plan  present  the  great  advantage  that 
Installation  .         L,  .,     ,      .        „    , 

it  need  not  necessarily  be  installed  as 

a  whole,  at  one  time.  A  single  regiment,  even, 
could  be  sent  as  a  training  school  nucleus  to  each 
division,  and  the  system  could  be  started  on  a  re- 
duced scale,  to  be  expanded  as  Congress  may  see 
fit  to  authorize  the  personnel.  It  could  be  thus  ex- 
panded from  time  to  time  without  in  any  way 
affecting  the  underlying  principles  of  the  system 
until  the  complete  scheme  would  be  in  operation; 
and  if  at  some  future  time  it  should  be  found  that 
a  larger  war  insurance  is  necessary  the  system  herein 
outlined  would  be  capable  of  indefinite  expansion 
to  meet  such  necessity. 


182  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

In  the  original  installation  of  this 

No  Increase  of  ^   i    i       _<? 

.    .   '      system,   on   account   of    lack   of 

PP    P  trained  officers  in  our  country,  it 

would  be  advisable  to  proceed  by  successive  steps. 
First  should  be  organized  the  fighting  First  Line 
Divisions  of  the  permanent  personnel  and  the  one 
relief  of  the  permanent  personnel  of  the  coast 
defense.  One  brigade  could  be  assigned  to  each  of 
the  four  divisions  of  the  training  school  without  any 
increase  of  the  personnel  of  the  regular  army,  except 
possibly,  a  few  more  commissioned  officers.  The 
next  year  could  see  the  organization  of  a  second 
brigade  of  the  training  school,  the  third  brigade 
being  organized  in  the  third  year.  This  gradual 
application  of  the  system  would  make  it  possible  to 
supply  trained  officers  for  the  permanent  personnel. 
The  gradual  development  of  the  Minute  Man  com- 
ponent would  give  time  to  develop  a  system  for 
selecting  and  training  the  commissioned  officers  of 
that  component.  No  tremendous  increase  of  un- 
trained personnel  in  any  grade  would  be  necessary. 
No  big  increase  of  appropriations,  in  fact  no  increase 
at  all,  would  be  necessary.  It  would  only  be  neces- 
sary to  maintain  the  pension  appropriations  at  their 
present  schedule,  and  to  make  the  surplus  unex- 
pended in  that  way  from  year  to  year,  available  for 
the  use  of  the  President  in  the  gradual  expansion 
of  this  system  to  its  complete  basis.  This  would 
insure  its  application  in  a  progressive  manner  as 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  183 

fast  as  the  trained  officers  could  be  supplied ;  and  in 
ten  years  from  now  the  United  States  would  be  the 
best  prepared,  strongest  nation  in  the  world  for  self 
defense. 

Every  unit  of  our  forces  would  be  homogeneous. 
All  its  members  would  be  equally  well  taught,  all 
trained  in  the  same  system,  for  the  same  length  of 
time.  All  will  look  upon  any  military  problem  in 
the  same  way,  can  count  upon  one  another  to  do  the 
expected  thing,  to  show  team  play. 

There  would  be  no  delay  for  the  fabrication  and 
issue  of  equipment,  or  requisitioning  of  military  sup- 
plies. The  only  immediate  problem  in  mobilization 
will  be  that  of  the  grocer;  and  whether  we  feed  a 
few  thousand  of  our  great  population  in  one  place 
or  another  is  a  small  matter  in  our  country,  with  its 
great  transportation  facilities.  The  arms,  equip- 
ment and  clothing,  of  every  Minute  Man  will  be 
already  issued,  ready  at  his  rendezvous  for  instant 
use.  The  whole  concern  would  break  into  action 
with  all  the  snap  and  vim  of  a  well  trained  fire  de- 
partment. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

LEGISLATION. 

An  act  of  Congress  embodying  the  correct  prin- 
ciples will  be  necessary  to  put  a  sound  scheme  of 
National  Defense  (or  any  other  scheme)  into  opera- 
tion. It  might  take  the  following  form  : 

Be  it  enacted,  etc. 

All  able-bodied  male  citizens  of  the 
I.  Enrollment 


R  foreign  bom 

persons  who  have  declared  their  intention  to  become 
citizens,  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45  years  of 
age,  shall  be  enrolled  as  liable  to  military  service  for 
the  National  Defense. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  citizen 
How  Enrolled    j.^  under  ^  f  oregoing  article  to 

render  a  personal  report  on  such  form  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  President  on  the  first  of  January 
each  year,  and  failure  to  render  such  report  shall 
be  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  a  fine  of  not  less 
than  five  hundred  nor  more  that  five  thousand  dol- 
lars. Jurisdiction  over  this  offense  is  hereby  ex- 
pressly conferred  upon  any  general  court-martial 
before  which  may  be  arraigned  any  person  duly 
charged  with  this  offense,  according  to  the  regular 
methods  of  military  procedure.  In  case  of  failure  or 
inability  to  pay  said  fine  the  reviewing  authority  is 
empowered  to  commute  said  fine  into  military  ser- 
vice, one  year  for  each  one  hundred  dollars  of  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  185 

fine,  in  addition  to  any  other  military  service  due 
from  the  delinquent  and  not  subject  to  any  exemp- 
tion, to  be  counted  as  drafted  service. 

For  the  purpose  of  this  enrollment,  the 
'  whole  territory  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  divided  into  divisions,  as  hereinafter  prescribed, 
and  the  reports  shall  be  kept  in  the  form  of  a  card 
indexed  card  record,  to  be  kept  in  such  form  as  may 
be  prescribed  by  the  President,  as  part  of  the  mili- 
tary records  of  the  United  States.  For  the  purpose 
of  keeping  these  records  the  services  of  men  who 
are  physically  disqualified  for  other  forms  of  duty 
will  be  utilized  as  far  as  practicable. 

.  The  following  classes  of  persons 
will  be  exempt  from  draft  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  under  such  regulations  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  the  President,  but  shall  pay 
in  lieu  of  military  service  the  sum  of  one  hundred 
dollars  per  year,  which  payments  shall  be  covered 
into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  and  credited 
to  the  funds  for  the  support  of  the  National  De- 
fense ;  the  head  or  only  support  of  a  family ;  teachers 
in  military  schools,  approved  by  the  President,  mem- 
bers of  municipal  police  and  fire  departments  duly 
certified  as  such  by  the  proper  authorities ;  regularly 
enrolled  members  of  the  organized  militia ;  provided 
that  no  payment  shall  be  required  from  any  member 
of  the  regularly  enrolled  militia.  . 


186  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

.        The  whole  body  of  enrolled  citi- 

^  zens  liable  to  military  duty  shall 

be  divided  into  three  classes,  as  follows  (after  de- 

ducting   the    Permanent    Personnel    of    National 

Defense)  : 

Class  A,  Minute  Men,  available  for  immediate 
service,  under  obligation  for  a  term  of  four 
years. 

Class  B,  Honor  Men,  composed  of  Minute  Men 
who  have  completed  their  period  of  obligation 
for  immediate  service,  but  are  still  of  military 
age  and  who  have  volunteered  for  additional 
service  as  "Volunteers"  in  case  of  attack  upon 
the  United  States.  These  men  shall  be  author- 
ized to  wear  a  suitable  decoration  to  be  known 
as  "The  Badge  of  Honor,"  to  be  furnished 
by  the  United  States. 

Class  C,  all  other  citizens  of  military  age  not  ex- 
empt from  military  service  under  the  provisions 
of  this  Act. 

.  The  Permanent  Person- 
IF.  Permanent  Personnel 


nd  ^  be  ^  regukr 

army  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  receive  the 
pay  and  allowances  now  prescribed  by  law  and  shall 
be  organized  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  President,  as  follows: 

Two  Divisions  for  Oversea  Defense  ;  one  Expedi- 
tionary Division;  one  Relief  for  the  permanent 
Coast  Defense  Fortifications  that  have  been  or  may 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  187 

be  hereafter  authorized  by  Congress  ;  and  four  divi- 
sions on  a  training  school  basis  as  hereinafter  pre- 
scribed; provided  that  in  this  Act  a  Division  shall 
be  taken  to  consist  of  the  smallest  body  comprising 
all  components  of  the  service  in  due  proportion,  com- 
plete in  itself  for  independent  service,  as  provided 
in  the  Field  Service  Regulations  of  1914,  and  sub- 
ject to  such  modifications  from  time  to  time  as 
shall  be  warranted  by  the  progress  of  the  military 
art,  and  authorized  by  the  President  in  Field  Service 
Regulations.  It  is  the  appropriate  command  for  a 
Major  General  in  our  service. 

Permanent  personnel  shall  be  assigned  to  the 
training  school  divisions  at  the  rate  of  a  full  comple- 
ment of  commissioned  officers  and  25  selected  en- 
listed men  per  company,  and  this  Permanent  Per- 
sonnel shall  be  the  trainers  and  instructors  of  the 
transient  personnel;  provided  that  in  the  coast  de- 
fenses Permanent  Personnel  shall  consist  of  one 
complete  relief  for  the  permanent  fortifications 
authorized  by  law,  and  Transient  Personnel  shall 
consist  of  two  reliefs,  to  be  under  instruction  by  the 
Permanent  Personnel  in  like  manner  as  other  mem- 
bers of  the  transient  personnel. 

The  Transient  Personnel 
V.Trannent  Personnel 


parts  : 

1.     The  members  of  the  Training  School  under 
instruction.     The  number  authorized  for  this  pur- 


188  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

pose,  shall  be  at  the  rate  of  125  men  for  each  com- 
pany of  the  training  school;  this  being  the  number 
necessary  to  give  to  each  company  the  full  quota 
authorized  in  the  training  school,  150  enlisted  men 
per  company,  25  old  soldiers  and  125  recruits  under 
training  to  become  Minute  Men  upon  completion 
of  their  year  of  training. 

The  Transient  Personnel  of  the  training  schools 
shall  be  known  as  Students  of  the  National  Train- 
ing School,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  wear  a  suitable 
badge  to  be  furnished  by  the  government  while  on 
that  status. 

Students  of  the  National  Training  School  shall 
receive  free  instruction  in  all  its  courses  of  instruc- 
tion which  shall  comprise  the  military  duties  of  a  citi- 
zen and  such  vocational  training  as  may  be  found 
practicable  in  addition  thereto;  shall  be  furnished 
with  uniforms  and  food  and  medical  attendance  free 
of  expense ;  shall  be  furnished  quarters  suitable  for 
their  duties  free  of  expense;  and  shall  receive  a 
bounty  of  $100  upon  honorable  completion  of  the 
course  of  training ;  provided  that  all  Students  of  the 
National  Training  School  shall  agree  upon  entrance 
therein  to  perform  the  duties  of  "Minute  Men  in 
the  National  Defense"  for  a  period  of  three  years 
after  the  completion  of  their  course  of  instruction, 
which  agreement  shall  be  in  writing  and  shall  be 
held  as  a  valid  contract  subjecting  the  maker  of  it 
to  military  service  of  the  United  States  as  a  Minute 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  189 

Man  in  accordance  with  the  Rules  and  Articles  of 
War. 

2.  Minute  Men;  which  class  shall  comprise  all 
those  who  shall  have  completed  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion in  the  Training  School,  and  who  shall  be  held 
to  liability  for  military  service  as  Minute  Men  for  a 
period  of  three  years  as  provided  in  their  contracts 
upon  entrance  into  the  training  school. 

Provided;  that  the  total  number  of  Students  of 
the  National  Training  School  shall  not  exceed  the 
number  prescribed  in  the  Field  Service  Regula- 
tions that  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  President,  nor 
shall  the  annual  appropriations  for  the  support  of 
the  National  Defense  be  exceeded  by  reason  of  any 
change  in  said  Field  Service  Regulations,  but  all 
pay  and  allowances  shall  cease  upon  exhaustion  of 
said  appropriations  until  further  appropriations 
shall  be  made  by  Congress. 

.   .        The   course   of   instruction   in   the 

*    training   school   shall   be   arranged 

under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the 

President,  and  shall  cover  one  year  of  time,  divided 

into  the  following  periods : 

1.  Enrollment  and  Organization. 

2.  Theoretical  Instruction. 

3.  Practical  Instruction. 

4.  Reduction  to  Cadre  basis. 

5.  Vacation  of  not  to  exceed  one  month. 


190  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

These  periods  of  instruction  shall  be  arranged  in 
accordance  with  such  Regulations  for  the  National 
Training  School  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Presi- 
dent; and  during  the  third  period  the  Minute  Men 
may  be  recalled  for  a  period  of  14  days  for  addi- 
tional instruction,  completion  of  organization,  and 
refitment  of  equipments. 

Each  graduate  of  the  National  Training  School 
shall  be  furnished  with  a  Diploma,  setting  forth  his 
qualifications  as  a  Graduate  of  the  National  Train- 
ing School,  and  a  suitable  badge  indicating  his 
status  as  a  Minute  Man,  which  he  will  be  authorized 
to  wear  at  all  times  as  a  badge  of  honor. 

From  the  1st  of  July  to 
Selection  of  Students,      to  ^  3Jst  of  Jul    ;ach 

Voluntary  Applications      yeap  ^  record  officeg  of 

each  division  of  the  National  Training  School  shall 
receive  voluntary  applications  from  suitable  persons 
for  enrollment  as  Students  of  the  National  Train- 
ing School.  Each  applicant  will  cause  to  be  filled 
out  in  the  proper  place  on  his  card  the  certificate 
of  a  medical  officer  that  the  applicant  is  physically 
suitable  to  perform  the  duties  of  a  soldier,  and  a 
certificate  by  two  reputable  citizens  that  the  appli- 
cant is  a  personal  of  good  moral  character,  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  or  has  declared  his  intention 
to  become  a  citizen,  and  is  recommended  by  them  as 
suitable  to  receive  the  benefits  of  the  Training 
School. 


I 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  191 

The  period  for  voluntary  applications  shall  close 
on  the  31st  of  July,  and  as  soon  as  may  be  there- 
after the  necessary  number  of  Students  shall  be 
selected  by  lot  from  those  who  are  eligible  and  who 
have  applied  according  to  law. 

In  case  the  total  number  of  appli- 
Drafted  Students  ^  found 


sufficient  to  complete  the  number  of  students  re- 
quired for  the  annual  class  (147,000)  the  necessary 
number  to  complete  the  annual  class  shall  be  selected 
by  lot  from  those  citizens  enrolled  under  the  provi- 
sions of  Article  I  of  this  Act,  as  liable  to  military 
duty,  under  such  regulations  as  the  President  may 
from  time  to  time  prescribe,  and  the  men  so  selected 
shall  be  notified  to  report  for  duty  as  Students  of 
the  National  Training  School  at  the  opening  of  its 
next  regular  annual  session,  at  the  place  that  may 
be  designated  by  proper  authority,  under  the  penal- 
ties provided  in  Article  I  of  this  Act  for  non-com- 
pliance. 

Students  drafted  for  service  under  these  provi- 
sions shall  not  receive  any  bounty,  pension  or  promo- 
tion, but  shall  be  held  to  the  personal  performance 
of  the  duties  of  Students  of  the  National  Training 
School  and  of  Minute  Men  in  like  manner  as  other 
students  and  Minute  Men,  and  jurisdiction  is  hereby 
expressly  conferred  upon  any  general  court-martial 
before  which  any  person  may  be  properly  arraigned 


192  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

charged  with  violation  of  said  duties  according  to 
the  regular  methods  of  military  procedure. 

At  the  close  of  the  period  of  practical 
status  of         .     ,       ,.       .     ,,     XT  j.-       i  m     •   • 
,_.  instruction  in  the  National  Training 

Minute  Men    o  i      i  ,1     oo.  j     a.      uu        i_ 

School  the  Students  who  have  honor- 
ably completed  its  course  of  instruction  shall  be 
given  their  Diplomas,  and  furloughed  for  a  period 
of  three  years  as  Minute  Men.  Each  Minute  Man 
shall  be  issued  a  card  on  which  his  rank,  organiza- 
tion, duty,  rendezvous  in  case  of  call  to  active  ser- 
vice, and  status  as  a  volunteer  or  drafted  Minute 
Man  shall  be  indicated.  A  duplicate  card  shall  be 
retained  with  the  records  of  the  Training  School, 
which  shall  also  contain  the  address  of  the  man. 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Minute  Man  to  promptly 
notify  the  proper  officers  of  the  training  school  in 
case  of  a  permanent  change  of  his  address,  in  order 
that  his  card  may  be  transferred  to  the  most  con- 
venient organization.  The  arms  and  equipment  of 
each  Minute  Man  shall  be  stored  at  the  proper  ren- 
dezvous and  notation  shall  be  made  on  his  card  by 
which  his  equipments  can  be  located  in  the  store- 
room. 

A  period  of  three  years  must 

VII.  Mobilization      -.         ,    «       4.1     ^  n         n.     4? 
elapse  before  the  full  results  of 

the  training  school  system  will  be  attained.  When 
this  shall  be  accomplished,  each  regiment  of  the 
training  school  will  be  able  to  mobilize  a  complete 
brigade  of  Minute  Men,  in  addition  to  maintaining 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  193 

the  complete  operation  of  its  branch  of  the  Train- 
ing School;  the  three  classes  of  Minute  Men  fur- 
nishing the  men  for  the  brigade  and  the  current 
class  continuing  its  duty  in  the  training  school.  In 
all  mobilizations  of  the  Minute  Men  the  permanent 
officers  of  the  training  school  shall  be  assigned  to 
the  higher  duties  of  command  and  administration. 
The  battalion  commanders  shall  be  assigned  to  the 
regiments  into  which  their  battalions  will  be  ex- 
panded, the  regimental  commanders  of  the  training 
school  shall  be  assigned  to  command  the  brigades 
into  which  their  regiments  will  be  expanded,  and 
the  brigade  commanders  to  command  the  divisions 
into  which  their  respective  brigades  will  be  ex- 
panded. From  the  other  permanent  officers  of  the 
training  school  shall  be  assigned  the  staff  and  ad- 
ministrative officers  of  the  expanded  armies  thus 
created. 

.        At  the  end  of  the  first  year  of  the 

operation    of    the    training    school    a 

First  Year       u  j  i       <?       i  .v    x-        tut 

schedule  of  mobilization  shall  be  pre- 
pared on  a  basis  of  expansion  to  twice  the  size  of 
the  training  school,  by  calling  to  the  active  service 
the  Minute  Men  in  addition  to  the  students  of  the 
Training  School.  This  schedule  of  mobilization 
shall  govern  until  the  end  of  the  second  year  of  the 
operation  of  the  Training  School. 

Officers  shall  be  provided  by  first  promoting  the 
permanent  officers  of  the  training  school,  and  then 


194  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

by  filling  vacancies  by  promotion  from  the  eligible 
classes  for  such  appointment,  in  the  following 
order : 

1.  From  the  Permanent  Personnel,  enlisted,  if 
any  are  eligible. 

2.  From  graduates  of  the  Training  School  who 
are  eligible. 

3.  From  graduates  of  approved  Military  Col- 
leges. 

4.  From  Civil  Life. 

Commissions  in  the  proper  grades  as  Commis- 
sioned Officers  of  Minute  Men  for  a  period  of  one 
year  shall  be  issued  regularly  to  all  these  officers, 
from  whatever  source  they  may  be  appointed,  and 
the  officers  thus  appointed  shall  be  regularly  as- 
signed to  duty  in  the  scheme  of  mobilization  for 
that  year. 

-ET  .  At  the  end  of  the  second  year  of 

Expansion  .  .         J 

c»  j  Tr  operation  01  the  1  raining  School  a 
Second  Year 

new  schedule  01  mobilization  shall  be 

prepared,  on  a  basis  of  expanding  the  training 
school  to  three  times  its  normal  size,  by  calling  to 
active  service  two  classes  of  Minute  Men,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  current  class  under  instruction  in  the 
Training  School,  and  vacancies  in  the  various 
grades  of  commissioned  officers  shall  be  filled  as 
before  by  appointments  for  one  year. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  195 

At  the  end  of  the  third  year  of  opera- 
Expansion  tion  of  ^  training  school  a  new 

schedule  of  mobilization  shall  be  pre- 
pared on  a  basis  of  calling  three  classes  of  Minute 
Men  to  active  service,  and  continuing  the  opera- 
tion of  the  training  school  as  a  depot  for  recruiting 
and  training  of  recruits. 

In  this  schedule  of  mobilization,  provision  shall 
be  made  for  a  sufficient  number  of  commissioned 
officers  for  the  active  force  and  also  for  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Training  School,  from  the  following 
sources : 

1.  The  Commissioned  Officers  of  the  Permanent 

Personnel  shall  be  promoted  to  fill  all  vacan- 
cies in  the  war  force  and  training  school,  as 
far  as  this  supply  will  go,  filling  all  posi- 
tions of  command  and  administration  in  the 
higher  grades. 

2.  Officers  who  have  held  one-year  commissions 

as  Commissioned  Officers  of  Minute  Men, 
and  whose  service  has  been  satisfactory,  form 
the  next  class  of  eligibles  from  which  pro- 
motions will  be  made. 

3.  The  other  classes  above  enumerated  as  eli- 
gible will  then  be  used  in  the  order  enumer- 
ated   for   the   remainder    of    commissioned 
officers  of  Minute  Men  necessary.    Regular 
commissions  as  Officers  of  Minute  Men  will 


196  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

be  issued  for  a  period  of  one  year,  by  the 
Secretary  of  War,  under  such  regulations 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  President.  In 
like  manner  commissioned  officers  will  be 
provided  for  annually  in  annual  schedules 
for  mobilization. 

After  the  original  assignments  have 
Promotions  in  ,  -,  , ,  „ 

__.  been  made  pursuant  to  the  lorego- 

Time  of  War    .  .  . 

ing  provisions,  promotions  and  as- 
signments in  time  of  war  shall  be  made  by  the 
President  under  such  regulations  as  he  may  pre- 
scribe. 

To  fill  vacancies  created  by 
rill.  Appointments    .,  , .         «  .,  .     A   ,  . 

the  operation  of  this  Act  in 
and  Promotions  in         , ,      ^> 

_   the  Permanent  Personnel, 
Permanent  Personnel       j    n 

and  all  vacancies  that  shall 

occur  in  the  Permanent  Personnel  after  this  Act 
shall  take  effect,  separate  lists  of  eligibles  shall  be 
established  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  each  list 
of  eligibles  shall  be  exhausted  for  the  time  being 
before  any  nomination  shall  be  made  from  the  next 
list  of  eligibles  in  order. 

Commissioned  Officers  of  the  Perma- 
nent Personnel  of  the  Army,  in  the 
order  determined  by  their  length  of  service  as  com- 
missioned officers  in  the  service  of  the  United  States. 
For  the  purposes  of  this  Act,  all  service  as  com- 
missioned officers  shall  be  counted,  whether  in  the 
army,  the  navy,  the  marine  corps,  in  regulars  or 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  197 

in  volunteers.  Service  as  a  commissioned  officer 
of  militia  shall  not  be  counted  on  this  list,  unless 
such  service  shall  have  been  rendered  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States  pursuant  to  a  regular  call  by 
the  President  as  prescribed  by  law  for  calling  the 
militia  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

Upon  the  occurrence  of  a  vacancy  in  any  branch 
of  the  service  the  vacancy  shall  be  tendered  to  the 
officer  at  the  top  of  the  next  lower  list,  and  if  he 
shall  decline  such  vacancy  it  shall  pass  to  the  officer 
next  on  that  list,  and  so  on  until  it  shall  be  filled. 
The  object  of  this  provision  is  to  enable  officers  of 
technical  training  in  special  arms  to  await  the  oc- 
currence of  a  vacancy  in  that  arm  of  the  service  in 
which  they  have  been  specially  trained  (e.g.,  Medi- 
cal Corps ) . 

If  any  commissioned  officer,  having  been  nomi- 
nated for  a  vacancy  in  the  branch  of  the  service 
in  which  he  has  had  technical  training,  shall  decline 
such  appointment,  he  shall  retain  his  then  rank  and 
commission,  but  his  name  shall  be  stricken  from  all 
lists  for  promotion  and  the  President  shall  be  author- 
ized to  retire  such  officer  whenever,  in  the  judgment 
of  the  President,  such  retirement  shall  be  to  the 
best  interests  of  the  service.  The  Graduates  of 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  shall  be  placed 
each  year  at  the  bottom  of  the  list  for  promotion 
in  the  order  of  their  graduation  standing. 


198  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

Enlisted  men  of  the  Permanent  Per- 
sonnel who  shall  have  passed  a  satis- 
factory examination  under  such  regulations  as  the 
President  may  prescribe,  as  long  as  they  remain 
eligible.  To  be  eligible  an  enlisted  man  must  be 
unmarried,  must  have  at  least  four  years  service, 
and  must  have  passed  a  satisfactory  examination, 
and  be  of  an  age  between  21  and  30  years. 

Graduates  of  approved  Military  Col- 

ListNo.3  !  ,     ,  i     4.    -i  v  A  * 

leges  who  have  voluntarily  applied  lor 

the  enrollment  in  the  Training  School  and  have  ren- 
dered approved  service  therein. 

.  Applicants  from  civil  life,  unmarried, 

*  of  good  moral  character,  between  21 
and  30  years  of  age,  who  shall  have  passed  a  satis- 
factory examination  under  such  regulations  as  may 
be  prescribed  by  the  President. 

Enlistments  in  the  Permanent  Per- 
*  .        sonnel  shall  be  for  a  period  of  five 

/         lSa(          years,    under    such    regulations    as 
may  be  prescribed  by  the  President. 

Students  in  the  Training  School  shall  serve  one 
year  as  Students,  and  shall  then  be  under  the  mili- 
tary obligation  of  a  Minute  Man  for  a  period  of 
three  years. 

The    President    shall    have 
X.  Annual  Training  power  to  ^  ^  Minute  Men 

into  active  service  for  practical  training  for  a  period 
of  not  to  exceed  one  month  each  year. 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  199 

Provided;  that  no  contract  for  personal  service 
between  any  Minute  Man  and  any  employer  shall 
be  abrogated  or  impaired  on  account  of  such  prac- 
tical training,  and  that  every  employer  who  dis- 
charges any  Minute  Man  on  account  of  such  prac- 
tical training  shall  be  guilty  of  a  Misdemeanor  pun- 
ishable by  a  fine  of  one  year's  pay  of  said  Minute 
Man  under  the  terms  of  his  contract,  which  fine  shall 
be  payable  to  the  Minute  Man  by  said  employer 
upon  order  and  execution  from  any  federal  court 
in  lieu  of  all  damages  to  said  Minute  Man  from 
loss  of  position  or  employment,  costs  of  the  process 
to  be  paid  by  the  employer  upon  judgment  and 
execution  by  the  court. 

,  The  citizens  of  the  United 
XL  Other  Forces  of  gtates  ^  to  ^         ^ 

United  States;  -          .  •     -.    -,   -,  •     .,     ^ 

vice  not  included  in  the  Per- 

Class  C  T»  i  • 

manent    Personnel,    nor    in 

the  Training  School  as  Students,  nor  in  the  Minute 
Men,  nor  in  the  Organized  Militia,  enrolled  in  Class 
C  of  this  Act,  shall  not  be  called  into  the  military 
service  except  when  specially  authorized  by  Con- 
gress; but  when  so  called  shall  be  organized  as 
hereinafter  provided. 

Apportionment    The  number  authorized  ^  Co^ 
gress  shall  be  apportioned  to  the 

divisions  and  districts  in  proportion  to  population, 
and  the  apportionment  shall  specify  the  number  and 
classes  of  troops  called  for  from  each  district. 


200  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

v  ,  A  period  shall  be  alloted  during  which 

ary       voluntary  enrollments  shall  be  made 
Enrollments    .  ,*        «        ,        v 

in  response  to  the  call,  and  applicants 

for  such  enrollment  examined  to  determine  their 
fitness  for  the  military  service.  All  such  applicants 
shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  bounty  as  Minute  Men 
if  accepted. 

At  the  expiration  of  the  period  for 
Compulsory  volunt  enrollment  a  sufficient 
Enrollment  ,  «  i  n  T_  i 

number  of  men  shall  be  drawn  by  lot, 

under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the 
President,  to  complete  the  number  called  for  in  the 
apportionment.  But  no  man  who  is  thus  drafted 
shall  be  entitled  to  any  bounty,  pension,  or  promo- 
tion except  that  any  soldier  may  be  promoted  for 
gallantry  in  action  in  time  of  war  under  such  regu- 
lations as  the  President  may  prescribe. 

Exemptions    The  same  rales  sha11  ^ovem  exemP- 
tions  as  provided  in  the  annual  drafts 

for  Students  in  the  Training  School. 

In  case  anv  drafted  man  shall  offer  a 
substitutes       ,   ...    ,  .        i    n  i  j 

substitute,  inquiry  shall  be  made  in 

regard  to  the  conditions.  The  substitute  must  be 
a  man  who  was  not  himself  drafted  nor  otherwise 
under  obligation  to  serve  at  this  time,  must  be  ac- 
ceptable in  every  way,  and  the  man  who  seeks  ex- 
emption must  be  a  citizen  engaged  in  some  occupa- 
tion useful  to  the  nation  as  well  as  to  himself.  The 
exempt  must  pay  to  the  substitute  a  bounty  at  the 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  201 

same  rate  as  that  paid  by  the  government  to  Minute 
Men,  and  shall  in  addition  indemnify  the  substitute 
for  loss  of  time  and  risk  incurred.  If  all  these  con- 
ditions are  complied  with,  substitutes  may  be  ac- 
cepted under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  the  President. 

All  commissioned  officers  of 
field  rank  shall  be  appointed  by 
selection  from  the  permanent  personnel  to  tempo- 
rary commissions,  which  appointments  shall  make 
temporary  vacancies  in  the  Permanent  Personnel, 
to  be  filled  with  temporary  appointments  as  pro- 
vided for  regular  vacancies,  such  appointees  being 
in  all  respects  on  the  same  basis  as  other  officers  of 
the  Permanent  Personnel,  except  that  they  hold 
temporary  commissions  to  be  vacated  when  the  oc- 
casion for  their  services  shall  have  passed. 

All  other  commissioned  officers  shall  be  filled  by 
selection  from  the  following  classes,  in  the  order 
named : 

1.  From  the  Permanent  Personnel,  as  far  as 

consistent  with  the  interest  of  the  public  ser- 
vice, to  be  determined  by  the  President. 

2.  From  the  Minute  Men,  under  the  same  con- 

ditions;  "Honor   Men"   to  be   counted   as 
Minute  Men  for  this  purpose. 

3.  From  Civil  Life,  under  such  regulations  as 
the  President  may  prescribe  for  that  pur- 
pose. 


202  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

.        All  promotions  in  the  volunteer  forces 
'emotions  of  ^  United  States  shall  ^  made  by 

selection,  under  such  regulations  as  the  President 
may  prescribe. 

-1.     The  pay  and  allowances  of  the 

Permanent   Personnel   shall   be   as 
Allowances  .,    -,  ,     T 

now  prescribed  by  law. 

2.  The  allowances  of  Students  at  the  Training 
School  and  of  Minute  Men  shall  be  the  same  as 
those  of  the  permanent  personnel  while  on  active 
duty.  In  addition,  the  allowances  of  students  at  the 
training  school  and  of  Minute  Men  while  on  active 
service,  shall  include  an  amount  equal  to  ten  per 
cent  of  the  pay  of  the  permanent  personnel  as  ex- 
pense money.     Drafted  men  are  entitled  to  the 
ten  per  cent  allowance  for  expense  money  and  to 
all  allowances  while  on  active  duty.     Minute  Men 
are  not  entitled  to  allowances  of  any  kind  while  on 
a  status  of  furlough. 

3.  Every  man  who  is  voluntarily  enrolled  as  a 
Student  at  the  Training  School  shall  be  entitled  to 
a  bounty  of  one  hundred  dollars  at  the  end  of  his 
year  of  service  at  the  training  school,  and  to  a 
further  bounty  of  one  hundred  dollars  at  the  end 
of  each  year  of  his  service  as  a  Minute  Man. 

This  bounty  shall  not  be  subject  to  fines  or  for- 
feitures except  for  desertion  from  the  service. 

All  volunteers  for  enrollment  accepted  upon  a  call 
by  the  President  for  additional  troops  from  Class 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  203 

C  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  bounty  as  Minute 
Men,  and  all  men  accepted  for  service  whether  by 
voluntary  enrollment  or  by  draft  from  Class  C 
shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  allowances,  including 
the  ten  per  cent  expense  money,  as  Minute  Men. 

4.  No  drafted  man  shall  receive  bounty  or  pen- 
sion in  any  form. 

All  men  not  drafted  shall  have  the 

XIV.  Pensions  .  -,  , 

same  status  in  regard  to  pensions 

as  now  provided  by  law. 

,___  _  1.     The  rules  and  Articles  of  War 

X V.  Rules  and    ,    n  ,,     m    .   .       o  i_     i 

shall  govern  the  Training  School, 
Regulations  •.,.  ,„-  ,,  f .  , 

Minute  Men  when  called  into  ac- 
tive service,  and  additional  forces  of  Class  C  when 
such  forces  are  called  into  the  service. 

2.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  prescribe 
all  needful  rules  and  regulations  to  carry  into  effect 
the  provisions  of  this  Act ;  provided  that  in  no  case 
shall  the  amount  of  money  appropriated  by  Con- 
gress be  exceeded. 

The  provisions  of  this  Act 

XVI.  When  Effective    ^^  effect  upon  its 

signature  by  the  President. 

For    contingent    expenses 

XVII.  Appropriation     ,     .        .,      .     ,  „  .r         „ 

during  the  installation  of 

the  system  herein  provided  for,  to  be  expended  in 
the  discretion  of  the  President  for  any  purpose  in 
his  judgment  necessary  in  this  work  and  not  other- 


204  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

wise  provided  for  by  law,  there  is  hereby  appropri- 
ated and  set  aside  the  sum  of  fifty  million  dollars 
from  any  funds  in  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  be  available  at 
once,  and  to  continue  available  until  exhausted  or 
until  the  installation  of  the  system  shall  be  com- 
plete and  all  its  incidental  expenses  shall  be  other- 
wise provided  for  by  law,  and  any  remaining  bal- 
ance thereof  shall  thereupon  revert  to  the  Treasury 
of  the  United  States  when  in  the  judgment  of  the 
President  such  appropriation  is  no  longer  neces- 
sary. 

There  shall  be  established 

XVIII  Distinguished    in  the  permanent  Commis- 
sioned Personnel  an  order 

to  be  known  as  "The  Distinguished  Service  Order," 
upon  the  installation  of  this  system  for  the  National 
Defense. 

The  number  of  officers  in  the  distinguished  service 
order  shall  be  equal  in  each  grade  to  ten  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  of  officers  provided  for  by  the 
Field  Service  Regulations,  and  this  number  shall  be 
in  excess  of  the  number  provided  for  by  the  Field 
Service  Regulations. 

Commissions  in  the  Distinguished  Service  Order 
shall  be  given  in  the  name  of  the  President,  for  dis- 
tinguished service,  to  be  determined  by  such  means 
as  the  President  may  direct.  Eligible  lists  for  this 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  205 

promotion  shall  be  established  once  per  year,  and 
shall  remain  in  force  for  one  year.  Promotions  to 
the  Distinguished  Service  Order  shall  be  made  from 
the  next  lower  grade,  and  shall  remain  in  force 
until  the  officer  shall  be  promoted  to  the  same  grade 
by  ordinary  promotion,  when  his  commission  in  the 
Distinguished  Service  Order  shall  cease  and  deter- 
mine. The  resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  as  in 
the  case  of  other  vacancies  on  this  list. 

The  object  of  this  provision  is  to  place  within  the 
power  of  the  President  the  opportunity  to  reward 
meritorious  or  specially  distinguished  service  by  a 
promotion  of  one  grade,  without  thereby  retarding 
the  promotion  or  impairing  the  rights  of  other  offi- 
cers who  may  be  equally  meritorious,  but  may  not 
have  had  equal  opportunity  to  win  such  reward. 

The  Officers  commissioned  to  the  Distinguished 
Service  Order  shall  constitute  "The  Generals' 
Staff"  of  the  Army,  and  may  be  assigned  to  any 
duty  consistent  with  their  rank. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  Act  the 
X IX.  Territorial         ..     .        £  .,     TT  M.  j  c^  4. 
territories  of  the  United  States 

Divisions  ,     n  ,        ,.    .  i    j          f,  n 

shall  be  divided  as  follows: 

1.  Territorial  Divisions,  one  for  each  tactical 
division  of  the  mobile  army,  shall  be  established,  and 
one  tactical  division  of  the  army  shall  be  assigned 
to  each  territorial  division. 

2.  Each  territorial  division  shall  be  subdivided 
into  districts,  one  district  for  each  brigade  of  inf an- 


206  Trained  Citizen  Soldiery 

try  in  the  mobile  army,  and  one  brigade  of  infantry 
shall  be  assigned  to  that  district. 

The  district  may  be  subdivided  into  subdistricts, 
at  the  rate  of  one  for  each  regiment  of  the  brigade, 
in  the  discretion  of  the  brigade  commander,  who 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  administration  of  all 
military  provisions  of  the  law  of  the  United  States 
in  his  district. 

3.  For  each  permanent  fortification  of  the  sea 
coast  of  the  United  States  there  shall  be  set  aside 
one  coast  defense  district,  which  shall  not  be  in- 
cluded in  any  division,  but  shall  be  administered  by 
the  proper  officers  of  the  sea  coast  defense  Perma- 
nent Personnel. 

The  President  shall  have  power 
X. X .  Inventions       .  .  -,  ,   , 

_  _  to  consider  and  test  any  new 

and  Improvements  jdea  Qr  invention>  whether  of 

equipment,  ordnance,  tactics,  or  of  organization, 
under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may  pre- 
scribe from  time  to  time,  and  to  that  end  he  shall 
have  power  to  establish  a  Bureau  to  be  known  as 
"The  Bureau  of  Inventions  and  Improvements," 
and  to  detail  for  duty  therein  such  officers  of  the 
Distinguished  Service  Order  as  may  be  necessary. 
Provided;  that  if  as  a  result  of  such  test  any  idea, 
device,  suggestion  or  equipment,  be  found  to  have 
a  military  value,  the  President  shall  have  power  to 
cause  the  same  to  be  reserved  for  the  exclusive  use 


Trained  Citizen  Soldiery  207 

of  the  United  States,  and  to  determine  in  what 
manner  and  by  what  amount  the  author  or  inventor 
of  such  idea,  device,  suggestion  or  equipment,  shall 
be  rewarded  by  the  United  States. 

XXI.  The  military  service  herein  provided  for 
shall  take  the  place  of  the  military  establishment 
heretofore  prescribed  by  law ;  and  all  Acts  or  parts 
of  Acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  Act 
are  hereby  repealed. 

XXII.  For  the  purpose  of  providing  for  the 
National  Defense   an   adequate  body  of  trained 
troops,  until  the  foregoing  provisions  shall  have 
resulted  in  an  adequate  body  of  Minute  Men,  the 
President  is  authorized  to  enroll  as  Minute  Men, 
at  once,  any  veteran  of  the  War  with  Spain,  or  of 
the   Philippine   Insurrection,   and   any  honorably 
discharged  soldier  of  the  United  States,  who  shall 
apply  for  such  enrollment  and  who  shall  pass  a  satis- 
factory physical  examination,  for  a  period  of  two 
years;  and  such  veterans  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the 
rights,  privileges,  bounties,  promotions,  pensions, 
and  other  emoluments  and  rewards,  as  are  herein 
prescribed  for  Minute  Men  who  shall  be  hereafter 
graduated  from  the  National  Training  School  for 
Minute  Men. 


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OVERDUE. 


SEP    6    1943 


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APR   3    1939 


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STACKS       i'lAK 


MAY    4  1942 


LD  21-95m-7,'37 


YC  02666 


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